EC 1403 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

UNIT V :

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Handled By

Franklin Vijay S
(AP/ECE)

GIST :
1. INTRODUCTION OF GIS Advantages Applications 2. COMPONENTS OF GIS Hardware Software Organisational Context 3. SATELLITE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGES

INTRODUCTION-GIS
Geographical information is the information about geography, i.e., the information related to some specific set of locations on the Earths surface including the regions of atmosphere. The term GIS can be used wherever geographical information in digital form is manipulated, whatever be the purpose of that manipulation. Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer based system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data which are the digital representations of the Earths surface. i.e., using a computer to create a map.

Advantages:
i. When comparing with other information systems, GIS satisfies the following needs:

The ability to preprocess large amount of data into a form suitable for analysis. Example Operations : Reformatting, Change of projection, Resampling, Generalization. ii. Direct support for analysis and modeling through instructions. Example Operations : Calibration of models, Forecasting, Prediction. iii. The ability to post-process the results. Example Operations : Reformatting, Tabulation, Report generation, Mapping

Applications:
GIS has been applied in many areas. Some of the important applications are: 1. Natural resource management Land use planning Timber management Wildlife habitat analysis Riparian zone monitoring Natural hazard assessment 2. Emergency plaaning 3. Market analysis 4. Facilities management 5. Transportation planning and 6. Military applications

COMPONENTS OF GIS
Geographical information system is also known as spatial data analysis system. It has three components. They are

Computer Hardware -- Used to store process and display Software Modules

-- Used to control and perform operations.

Organisational Context -- the human element required to drive the to

meet needs

A balance between these three components is required for the satisfactory working of GIS.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware:
The computer system used for GIS may range from portable personal computers (PCs) to multi-user supercomputers. Also, systems having dedicated and expensive work stations with builtin monitors and digitising tables can also be used.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware (Cont..):

Basic Requirements: Whatever be the type of hardware and software used, the following elements are necessary for the efficient and effective operation of GIS. 1) 2) 3) 4) A processor with adequate power to run the software. Sufficient memory for storing large amount of data. A good quality, high resolution, color graphcis screen and Data input and output devices.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware (Cont..):

The typical hardware components of GIS are,

Control Processing Unit (CPU). Mass Storage Units (Eg., Hard disk drives, Tape drives). Digitizer or scanner or keyboard- for spatial data input. Printer or plotter- for hard copy data display Visual Display Unit (VDU)

These hardware components are shown in Fig 1.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware (Cont..):

Fig 1: GIS Hardware Components

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware (Cont..):

CPU Central processing unit is joined with mass storage units such as hard disk drives and tape drives, which provides space for storing data and programs. Printer- it is a device used to prints the results of data processing on a paper. Plotter- is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics on a paper.

Scanner- it is used to scans documents and converts them into digital data.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Computer Hardware (Cont..):

Tape drive- it is used to store data or programs on magnetic tape for communicating with other systems. VDU( Visual display Unit) - it is used to control the computer and other peripherals. It is otherwise known as terminal or work station. Hard disk- (HDD; also hard drive, or disk drive) a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Software Modules :
Geographical information system can be programmed using a wide variety of software packages. There are number of essential software elements that must allow the user to input, store, manage, transform, analyse and output data. Therfore , the software package for a GIS consists of four technical modules. The basic modules are: i. Data input and verification ii. Data storage and database management iii. Data transformation and manipulation and iv. Data output and presentation

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Software Modules (Cont..):

Two types of operating systems are performd to run GIS. They are: 1. Windows Operating System 2. Unix Operating System Thus, the GIS software includes the program and the user interface for driving the hardware.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Software Modules (Cont..):

The following is a list of GIS software producers and their main products.

1. Environmental Systems Research Institute ( ESRI ): ArcInfo, ArcView. 2. Autodesk: AutoCAD Map 3. Clark Labs: IDRISI 4. International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences: ILWIS 5. Mapinfo Corporation: Mapinfo. Bentley Systems: Microstation. 6. PCI Geomatics: PAMAP 7. TYDAC Inc. : SPANS

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Organisational Context:
The organisational context or aspect is nothing but the way the information flows and the way in which the analysis is done. Fig 2: shows the Organisational aspects of GIS. It involves three sub components:

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Organisational Context(Cont..):
1. Data : Data is nothing but information being used for the analysis. 2. People: The people involved in the analysis and the creation of the information system. It also involves the users. 3. Methods : The methods is nothing but the steps, procedures which are used for the analysis and in the making of the information system.

COMPONENTS OF GIS (Cont..)

Organisational Context(Cont..):

Fig 2: Organisational aspects of GIS

The Niagara Falls, a world-renowned tourist attraction, sit on the border of Ontario and New York. GeoEye-1 captured this stunning image of the falls, as seen from space.

Google Earth Geographic Web Browser

http://earth.google.com/

RELATED URLs
http://www.satimagingcorp.com/ http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery/quicktime-virunga-park-low.html http://www.mapsofindia.com/gis/gis-components.html