Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
phase
G1
interphase
G2
Mitosis
Replication Facts
DNA has to be copied
before a cell divides DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase New cells will need identical DNA strands
AP Biology
copyright
AP Biology
AP Biology
Directionality of DNA
PO4
nucleotide
N base 5 CH2 O 4 3
AP Biology
ribose
2
OH
5
PO4
5 CH2
base O
1
2
C
3
O O P O O 5 CH2
4
3
base O
1 2
OH
AP Biology
AP Biology
Bonding in DNA
5
covalent phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds
.strong or weak bonds? AP Biology the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA? How do
Pyrimidines
thymine (T) cytosine (C)
Pairing
A:T
2 bonds
AP Biology
C:G
3 bonds
Semi-conservative
AP Biology
Want Proof?
AP Biology
Fact!
DNA Replication
Large team of enzymes coordinates replication
AP Biology
DNA Replication
As the 2 DNA strands open at
the origin, Replication Bubbles form Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles
Bubbles
Bubbles
AP Biology
copyright
16
helicase enzyme
unwinds part of DNA helix
helicase
AP Biology
replication fork
DNA Replication
and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted
AP Biology
AP Biology
19
DNA Replication
Before new DNA strands can
form, there must be RNA primers present to start the addition of new nucleotides Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer DNA polymerase can then add the new nucleotides
AP Biology
20
Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
Direction of Replication
AP Biology
22
Nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
AP Biology
23
Energy of Replication
Where does energy for bonding usually come from?
energy
modified nucleotide
energy
energy
nucleotide to bond to
energy
AP Biology
5 3
5
3
5 3 5
26
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
3 AP Biology
Lagging Strand
energy
energy
energy energy
ligase
energy
energy
AP Biology
Okazaki Fragment
DNA Polymerase
5
3
Lagging Strand
3
5
28
AP Biology
Okazaki Fragment 1
Okazaki Fragment 2
Lagging Strand
AP Biology
29
Lagging strand
5 3
ligase
Leading strand
3
Lagging strand
5 3
Leading strand
AP Biology spot
continuous synthesis
AP Biology
5 3
primase
RNA 5
RNA primer
built by primase serves as starter sequence AP for DNA polymerase III Biology
Replication fork
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
lagging strand
primase
5 3
ligase
Okazaki fragments
3 5
SSB
3
DNA polymerase III
helicase
5 3
AP Biology
leading strand
direction of replication
SSB = single-stranded binding proteins
Any Questions??
AP Biology
2007-2008