Factor affecting photosynthesis

Mochammad Roviq

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Light absorption (kualitas cahaya/warna) Irradiance level (intensitas cahaya) Photoperiodic (lama penyinaran) CO2 content (ketersediaan CO2) Temperature (suhu) Water supply (ketersediaan air) Chlorophyll content (kadar chlorophyll daun) Translocation of carbohydrate (pemindahan karbohidrat) 9. Leaf age (Umur Daun)

Light absorption

Absorption spectra of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, b-carotene and fucoxanthin (a carotenol/ xanthophyll). Maximal energy of sunlight lies in the green and yellow regions of the spectrum, the minimum region of absorption by chlorophylls and carotenoids. Adapted from Goodwin & Mercer (1972).

Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)

Chlorophyll mengabsorbsi cahayamerah (660 nm) dan biru (450 nm) Kedua cahaya tersebut disebut Photosynthetic Wavelength of Light atau disebut juga: Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)

Light Utilization
The efficiency of energy utilization at different wavelengths in leaves of 8 species of crop plants grown in the field (A), and 20 species grown in a growth chamber (B). The efficiency is expressed as quantum yield, i.e. amount of C fixed for the same number of quanta, setting the maximum yield at unity. From McCree (1972). Elsevier Science.

Levels of irradiance and rates of photosynthesis

Light saturation curves of photosynthesis for plants of Sinapis alba grown either under strong illumination, light (sun) plants (dashed lines), or weak illumination, shade plants (solid lines).

C3 and C4 Photosynthesis

Irradiance level
The light value on the Xaxis through which the line passes is called the "light compensation point." Where the curves cut the x-axis is the light compensation point, below which respiration exceeds photosynthesis (negative CO2 uptake = CO2 output); this point lies at a lower irradiance for the shade plants.

Light response curves

Light response curves measure plant response(s) to light intensity. These measurements explore the difference in Rd (dark respiration rate), CO2, maximum apparent quantum efficiency, Asat (light saturated photosynthesis) and light compensation point (the light level at which photosynthesis equals respiration).

The carbon dioxide need

The amount of carbon dioxide constantly being taken from the atmosphere during daylight hours by all green plants is enormous. Just four-tenths of a hectare (1 acre) of corn (10,000 plants) accumulates more than 2,500 kilograms (5,512 pounds) of carbon from the atmosphere during a growing season. Over 10 metric tons (11 tons) of carbon dioxide are needed to furnish this much carbon. It also has been calculated that the total present atmospheric supply of carbon dioxide (more than 2.2 billion metric tons or about 50 metric tons over each hectare of the earths surface) would be completely used up in about 22 years if it were not constantly being replenished.

CO2 Content
Glycine max (soybean) leaf was excised from experimental-garden grown plant and then light acclimated at 1500 mol m-2 s-1 (saturating) in a lab The intercellular CO2 (Ci) at which photosynthesis transitions from VC-limited to J-limited is 216 mol CO2 mol-1 air. Stomatal limitation to photosynthesis (l ) is the effect of the stomata resistance restricting photosynthesis decreasing CO2 available for photosynthesis at growth CO2 concentration

Internal CO2

CO2

The response of net photosynthesis (A) to CO2 concentration. The curved solid line shows the biochemical response of net photosynthesis to CO2 concentration. The rate of net photosynthesis is a function of the CO2 concentration in the chloroplasts (Cc). The decrease in CO2 concentration from the atmosphere (Ca) to chloroplasts (Cc) is a function of the sum of stomatal and internal conductances (dashed lines).

CO2

CO2

CO2 Content
Ambient Elevated

Temperature and CO2

In the atmosphere, the concentration of carbon dioxide ranges from .03 to .04 %. However, it is found that 0.1% of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis significantly. This is achieved in the greenhouses which are enclosed chambers where plants are grown under controlled conditions. The concentration is increased by installing gas burners which liberate carbon dioxide as the gas burns

Temperature and CO2

Jurik et al. (1984) exposed bigtooth aspen leaves to atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 325 ppm and 1935 ppm and measured their photosynthetic rates at a number of different temperatures. At 25C, where the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves exposed to 325 ppm CO2 is maximal, the extra CO2 of this study boosted the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage by nearly 100%; and at 36C, where the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves exposed to 1935 ppm CO2 is maximal, the extra CO2 boosted the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage by a whopping 450%.

Temperature
In C3 plants, quantum yield of photosynthesis decreases as temperatures increase, whereas in C4 plants, the quantum yield of photosynthesis is not significantly affected by temperature fluctuations between 10C and 40C.

Temperature
An optimum temperature ranging from 25oC to 35oC is required for a good rate. At temperatures around 0oC the enzymes stop working and at very high temperatures the enzymes are denatured. Since both the stages of photosynthesis require enzyme activity, the temperature has an affect on the rate of photosynthesis.

Leaf temperature
The photosynthetic temperature response follows a broad, bell shaped curve, with the consequence that plants reach > 80 % of maximum photosynthesis over a broad range of temperatures

Leaf temperature
Net photosynthesis as a function of leaf temperature in sweet orange leaf discs excised from plants grown under different conditions in relation to the environmental temperature.

Chlorophyll
Chloroplasts of most plants contain two major kinds of chlorophyll associated with the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll a is blue-green in color and has the formula C55H72MgN4O5. Chlorophyll b is yellow-green in color and has the formula C55H70MgN4O6. Usually, a chloroplast has about three times more chlorophyll a than b.

Kadar klorofil
Klorofil merupakan pigmen yang menangkap energi cahaya dan mengubah energinya menjadi energi kimia Klorofil terdapat dalam kloroplas adalah 20-100 kloroplas / sel mesophyll dalam daun Klorosis adalah menguningnya daun karena kekurangan klorofil Jika klorofil berkurang, maka laju fotosintesis juga akan menurun Penyebab khlorosis:
Penyakit Kekurangan Nutrisi N dan Mg merupakan bagian dari molekul klorofil K diperlukan untuk aktivasi enzim dalam produksi klorofil

Defisiensi nutrisi yang lain juga dapat menyebabkan klorosis juga mereduksi laju fotosintesis

structure of a molecule of chlorophyll a

The structure of a molecule of chlorophyll a, the most important of the pigments involved in photosynthesis. The boxlike ring structure on the left, with magnesium and nitrogen inside, functions in capturing light energy. The tail, which extends into the interior of a thylakoid membrane, is insoluble in water; all chlorophyll molecules are, however, fat soluble.

Chlorophyll
The figure shows photosynthesis declining well before chlorophyll is lost from leaves of meadow fescue. The interesting behaviour of a staygreen mutant is also presented.

 The rate of photosynthesis changes similarly with change of irradiance whether expressed per unit of leaf area or unit of chlorophyll, showing that the differences in rates between sun and shade plants do not just result from a difference in total chlorophyll per unit area of leaf.

Physiology characteristics Leaf Age

Total protein Rubisco Non rubisco protein Chlorophyll Photosynthesis Respiration

Leaf age on male and female plant

Photosynthetic light response curves for Siparuna grandiflora leaves of four ages on male and female plants. Each curve was fit to the data from four leaves

Water supply
Less than 1% of all the water absorbed by plants is used in photosynthesis; most of the remainder is transpired or incorporated into cytoplasm, vacuoles, and other materials. The water used is the source of electrons involved in photosynthesis, and the oxygen released is a by-product, even though carbon dioxide also contains oxygen. This has been demonstrated by conducting photosynthetic experiments using either carbon dioxide or water containing isotopes of oxygen. When the isotope is used only in the water, it appears in the oxygen gas released. If, however, it is used only in the carbon dioxide, it is confined to the sugar and water produced and never appears in the oxygen gas, demonstrating clearly that the water is the sole source of the oxygen released. If water is in short supply, it may indirectly become a limiting factor in photosynthesis; under such circumstances, the stomata usually close and sharply reduce the carbon dioxide supply.