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Formation Breakdown / permeability analysis from thin fluid pressure decline Step-Rate Test/maximum matrix injection rate Step-Down Test / prediction of near-wellbore friction Proppant Slugs / remove NWF if it exists Main Minifrac / for prediction of fluid loss Main Treatment design based on pre-frac injection information
Pressure
Time
Pressure
x x x x Rate
Step-Down Test
Perforation Friction Dominated Regime
Rate Bottomhole Pressure P1 P2 Q1 Q2 P3 Q3 P4 ISIP Bottomhole pressure - ISIP
P1
Total friction
P2 P3 P4 Q4
Tortuosity f(Q0.5)
Q4
Time
Q3
Q2 Rate
Q1
Step-Down Test
Tortuosity Dominated Regime
Bottomhole pressure - ISIP Rate Bottomhole Pressure P1 P2 P3 Q1 Q2 Q3 P4 ISIP Q4 P1 P2 P3
Tortuosity f(Q0.5) Total friction
P4
Perforation friction f(Q2)
Time
Q4
Q3 Rate
Q2
Q1
Main Minifrac
Design minifrac volume to obtain stable geometry (injection time ~5-20 min) and short closure time (<30 minutes). Pump minifrac at expected job rates using frac fluid. Monitor pressure decline until after fracture closure by analysing pressure decline data with P vs. sqrt(time) plot or G-function plot. Match decline curve using FracPro to match fluid efficiency, closure time, and pressure decline
Minifrac Simulation
Length Upper Ht Lower Ht
Eff Rate
5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
Determination of ISIP
Shu t In ISIP Intersection of vertical line Intersection of vertical line and im aginary straight and im aginary straight line line gh the early tim e throuthrou gh early tim e dd eclineis the ISIP ecline is the ISIP
2420
2320
2220
2120
The vertical cross hair shou ld intersect the d ecline cu rve w here it d eviates from the straight line.
2020
1920
1820 0.00
2.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Wellbore Storage
100
10
0.1
10
100
This portion of the curve corresponds to the stright line portion of the square root time plot. Note the slope is 0.64 which is greater than the theoretical value of 0.5.
Right end of movable line has been pulled in to lay on the vertical crosshair.
10
0.1
10
100
The last p ortion of the cu rve occu rs after the fractu re has closed .
Bilinear Flow
10 0.1 1 Delta Time (min) 10
2420
2320
2220
2120
2020
1920
1820 0.00
0.20
0.80
1.00
Use of Derivatives
HALLIBURTON MINIFRAC ANALYSIS 28-Jun-1994 14:41:53 Pressure (psi) 4110 10:22:05 4770 4670 4570 4470 4370 4270 4170 4070 3970 3870 0.00 Corrected Pressure 4105 Delta Pressure 483 10:27:05 Fluid Efficiency 59.0% 10:32:05 Closure Time 10:39:22 10:37:05 Delta Time (min) 17.30 10:42:05 CP 1st Dv CP 2nd Dv 10:52:05
5.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
FracPro Match
After Matching Minifrac Tests, alter treatment schedule and predict treatment pressures/fracture growth. Adjust treatment schedule based on design objectives. Normal objectives are to attempt to pack the fracture (except in low perm wells), obtain desired frac length, and limit fluid volumes.