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REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS
Reduction Refinement
Reduction
Replacement
Refinement
THE 3 Rs
Replacement:- refers to the preferred use of nonanimal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. Reduction:-refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. Refinement:- refers to methods that minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare .
REPLACEMENT
Replacement means replacing 'higher' animals with 'lower' animals. Microorganisms, plants, eggs, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates may be used in some studies to replace warm-blooded animals. Alternately, live animals may be replaced with non-animal models, such as dummies for an introduction to dissection .
Absolute replacement: No need to use animals (cell lines, human or invertebrate cells and tissues) no need to test for skin irritation if pH <2.0 or >11.5 no need to test for eye irritation if the chemical is a skin irritant
Relative replacement: Humane killing of animals to provide cells or tissues for in vitro studies
Partial replacement: e.g. use of non-animal methods as prescreens in toxicity testing
REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES
REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES
Efficient use of existing information In silico methods (computer simulations, mathematical models) In vitro methods: isolated organs tissue slices tissue cultures cell cultures subcellular fractions Lower organisms
Safety testing of chemicals Local toxicity Genotoxicity Screening tests Quality control and potency testing of vaccines Production of monoclonal antibodies
ALTERNATIVES IN TESTING
1
(Scanning Techniques)
MRI(Magnatic resonance imaging)-Human scans obtained with this technique AUTOPSY - Help in carry out biomedical research
Cell Culture
This form of testing has established itself as one of the successful alternative to the use of animals, in vivo. Few of the important areas where cell culture can replace animal experimentation are tests conducted for chemical absorption by skin, phytotoxicity, skin corrosion, etc.
COMPUTER SIMULATION
One of the alternatives to animal testing is the use of computer simulation, which is increasingly becoming a viable alternative to animal testing.
Crash test dummies/computer operated mannequins are used for the computer simulation tests. Such computer operated mannequins are installed with internal sensors. The use of pigs for crash testing has been replaced by these dummies.
Human-based Testing
Well-known/common instances of human-based testing are found in areas like pyrogenicity, skin irritation, etc. The pyrogens which affect immune system cells are responsible for conditions like fever and inflammation. Instead of making use of animal cells, the human donated cells are used as an alternative.
one of the alternatives to animal testing is used in finding medicines for skin irritation; the test which is used in Canada replaces animal testing by human volunteers without inflicting any side-effects on their health.
ALTERNATIVES IN EDUCATION
3-D MODELS & MECHANICAL SIMULATORS FILM & INTERACTIVE VIDEO COMPUTER SIMULATION & VIRTUAL REALITY MATERIALS FROM SLAUGHTER HOUSE & FISHERIES IN-VITRO STUDIES ON CELL LINES
Models, mechanical simulators Films, interactive videos Computer simulations, virtual reality Self-experimentation Plant experiments Field studies Waste materials from slaughterhouses In vitro studies on cell lines Dead animals Clinical practice
ADVANTAGES TO REPLACEMENT
Include utilizing pre-existing knowledge for teaching, and using less expensive animals or models to screen large numbers of agents for toxicity or mutagenicity.
RESUSCI DOG
RESUSCI DOG
Resusci-Dog, a plastic mannequin linked to a computer, can simulate an arterial pulse, and pressure can be applied to its rib cage for cardiac massage or cardiopulmonary resuscitation Resusci-Dog has replaced about 100 dogs per year in the training of veterinary students at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine.
Build more complex in vitro systems (3D Models ,bioreactors, artificial organs) Understand how chemicals disturb biological pathways and how this disturbance is transmitted through the system