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ALTERNATE USE OF ANIMALS

REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS

. By - Agnivesh Sharma ,2010V01B

What are the alternatives?


Reduction Refinement

Replacement Rehabilitation Responsibility

The 3 Rs (Russell and Burch 1959)

Reduction

Replacement
Refinement

THE 3 Rs

Replacement:- refers to the preferred use of nonanimal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. Reduction:-refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. Refinement:- refers to methods that minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare .

MODEL FROG TO DEMONSTRATE DISSECTION

REPLACEMENT

Replacement means replacing 'higher' animals with 'lower' animals. Microorganisms, plants, eggs, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates may be used in some studies to replace warm-blooded animals. Alternately, live animals may be replaced with non-animal models, such as dummies for an introduction to dissection .

REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES (3)

Absolute replacement: No need to use animals (cell lines, human or invertebrate cells and tissues) no need to test for skin irritation if pH <2.0 or >11.5 no need to test for eye irritation if the chemical is a skin irritant

Relative replacement: Humane killing of animals to provide cells or tissues for in vitro studies
Partial replacement: e.g. use of non-animal methods as prescreens in toxicity testing

REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Direct replacement: e.g. human or guinea pig skin is


used in vitro to replace guinea pig tests in vivo

Indirect replacement: e.g. Limulus amoebocyte lysate


(LAL) test or a test based on whole human blood is used to replace rabbit pyrogen tests

REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Efficient use of existing information In silico methods (computer simulations, mathematical models) In vitro methods: isolated organs tissue slices tissue cultures cell cultures subcellular fractions Lower organisms

CURRENT USE OF REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Safety testing of chemicals Local toxicity Genotoxicity Screening tests Quality control and potency testing of vaccines Production of monoclonal antibodies

ALTERNATIVES IN TESTING
1

(Scanning Techniques)

MRI(Magnatic resonance imaging)-Human scans obtained with this technique AUTOPSY - Help in carry out biomedical research

Cell Culture

This form of testing has established itself as one of the successful alternative to the use of animals, in vivo. Few of the important areas where cell culture can replace animal experimentation are tests conducted for chemical absorption by skin, phytotoxicity, skin corrosion, etc.

COMPUTER SIMULATION

One of the alternatives to animal testing is the use of computer simulation, which is increasingly becoming a viable alternative to animal testing.

Crash test dummies/computer operated mannequins are used for the computer simulation tests. Such computer operated mannequins are installed with internal sensors. The use of pigs for crash testing has been replaced by these dummies.

Human-based Testing

Well-known/common instances of human-based testing are found in areas like pyrogenicity, skin irritation, etc. The pyrogens which affect immune system cells are responsible for conditions like fever and inflammation. Instead of making use of animal cells, the human donated cells are used as an alternative.

The skin patch test


,

one of the alternatives to animal testing is used in finding medicines for skin irritation; the test which is used in Canada replaces animal testing by human volunteers without inflicting any side-effects on their health.

ALTERNATIVES IN EDUCATION

3-D MODELS & MECHANICAL SIMULATORS FILM & INTERACTIVE VIDEO COMPUTER SIMULATION & VIRTUAL REALITY MATERIALS FROM SLAUGHTER HOUSE & FISHERIES IN-VITRO STUDIES ON CELL LINES

OTHER REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVES


Models, mechanical simulators Films, interactive videos Computer simulations, virtual reality Self-experimentation Plant experiments Field studies Waste materials from slaughterhouses In vitro studies on cell lines Dead animals Clinical practice

ADVANTAGES TO REPLACEMENT

Include utilizing pre-existing knowledge for teaching, and using less expensive animals or models to screen large numbers of agents for toxicity or mutagenicity.

RESUSCI DOG

RESUSCI DOG

Resusci-Dog, a plastic mannequin linked to a computer, can simulate an arterial pulse, and pressure can be applied to its rib cage for cardiac massage or cardiopulmonary resuscitation Resusci-Dog has replaced about 100 dogs per year in the training of veterinary students at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine.

How can we progress towards full replacement, full 3R?

Build more complex in vitro systems (3D Models ,bioreactors, artificial organs) Understand how chemicals disturb biological pathways and how this disturbance is transmitted through the system

Please save the Animals


Thanks for your attention

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