Graduation Project 2:

A Conventional Reservoir
Engineering Study of Gas
Field
Advisors: Prof. Jamal Abo Kasem & Dr. Hazim Al Attar

Done by
Ahmed Al Janahi 200440231
Hosam Zablawe 200337528
Mohamed Yehia 200440262

United Arab Emirates University
College of Engineering
Training & Graduation Projects Unit
Content
Introduction

Background Theory

Methods & Techniques

The Software: OilWat/GasWat

Solved Examples

Field Data Calculations

Cost Estimation

Safety and Environmental Considerations

Conclusions & Recommendations
Introduction: Project Description
Study the performance of a gas reservoir associated with water
aquifer.

Literature Review
Re-solving
Examples
Using Excel
and the Software
Organizing the
field data
Finding the aquifer
model and the
OGIP By HM
Future
Performance
Introduction: Importance of the study
This project is one of the assignments new engineers are expected
to perform in the industry after graduation.

The results of such study is crucial for the development of any gas
reservoir subjected to partial or full water influx.

Prediction of reservoir performance under existing production
scheme and under proposed production scenarios.

Enable us to apply software package called OilWat/GasWat
developed by IHS Energy Group-based in Houston, to run material
balance calculations.


Background Theory: Material Balance Equation
(M.B.E) Definition
Gas Produced = Initial Gas Remaining Gas
Initial Conditions After Production
Vol. Gas & Water initially in place Vol. Gas Prod. Vol. Water Prod.
= Vol. Gas Remaining + Water influx
Background Theory: Material Balance Equation
(M.B.E) Definition
Background Theory: M.B.E Assumptions
Zero Dimensional.

Single homogenous unit.

Time independent.

The equation is not evaluated in a step-wise pressure.

Pressure appears explicitly and implicitly in M.B.E.
Background Theory: Appropriateness of M.B.E for
gas
When material balance is applied to hydrocarbon
accumulation, it depends on:

How rapidly the pressure waves reach the boundary of
the reservoir (pressure is equilibrated).

So that it may be treated as zero dimensional reservoir.

This, in turn, is dependent on the magnitude of the
hydraulic diffusivity constant K/C.

Background Theory: Appropriateness of M.B.E
for gas
The larger the value of this
parametric group, the more
rapidly is pressure
equilibrium achieved.

The diffusivity constant will
be several times larger if it
contains gas rather than oil.

Methods & Techniques: Material Balance Methods
P/Z- interpretation technique

Methods & Techniques: Material Balance Methods
Havlena-Odeh interpretation

Methods & Techniques: Material Balance Methods
Van Everdingen- Hurst: The two dimensionless
parameters t
D
and r
D
are given by:
3
2
6.328 10
d
w t e
kt
t
c r |

=
a
D
e
r
r
r
=
2
1.119
t e
B c r hf | =

A =
eD e
W P B W
Methods & Techniques: Material Balance Methods
History Matching
Linear aquifer Model Straight line
Future Predication
Yes
Straight line
Straight line
Radial aquifer Model
Bottom aquifer Model
Yes
Yes
No
No
Methods & Techniques: Future Performance Method
(
(

A A + =

2
0
2
1
2
1
n
j
n eD
gi
j eD
gi
g
gi
w Pn
P W
B
B
P W
B
B
B
B W
A
n j
( )
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
v
v
n eD
gi
i
pn
i
i
n
P W
B
B
A
G
G
z
P
Z
P
n 1
2
1
1
y = 4E-12x
4
- 7E-08x
3
+ 0.0002x
2
+ 1.0006x - 35.156
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
P, psia
P
/
Z
Methods & Techniques: Future Performance Method
The Software: OilWat/GasWat
This program can perform the following tasks:

Predict the original hydrocarbon-in-place in a reservoir,
with or without water influx.

Generate a reservoir pressure profile versus time, given
original hydrocarbon-in-place.


Solved Examples
Example 1: A volumetric Gas Reservoir:
Example 1: A volumetric Gas Reservoir:

Solved Examples
OGIP = 1.40E+10 SCF
Example 1: A volumetric Gas Reservoir:

Solved Examples
OGIP =13998950468.0072 SCF
Example 2: A gas reservoir with a linear aquifer:
Solved Examples
Example 3: Pressure prediction for Example 2:

T (month) t (days) p (psia) B
g
(RB/scf) G
p
(scf) W
p
(RB) A (P/Z)
n
P
new
error
30 912.50 2713.00 1.59E-03 6.89E+10 0
0.949 1983.96 2713.001 0.00
32 973.33 2696.83 1.59E-03 7.53E+10 0
0.948 1975.53 2696.826 0.00
34 1,034.17 2687.90 1.60E-03 8.07E+10 0
0.946 1970.89 2687.903 0.00
36 1,095.00 2677.17 1.60E-03 8.59E+10 0
0.945 1965.34 2677.168 0.00
Calculated
Pressure
Given
Pressure
Error
2713.00 2712
0.0369%
2696.83 2699
0.0805%
2687.90 2688
0.0036%
2677.17 2667
0.3812%
Solved Examples
Field Data Calculations: Reservoir Information
Consists of six layers

Mainly composed of oolitic
grainstones with some thin
interbeds of anhydrite

No apparent structural trap growth
during the deposition
OGIP (BSCF) 426.3
Size (acre) 4500
Net thickness (feet) 100
Connate water saturation 8%
Reservoir/aquifer boundary p vs t 2275
Encroachment angle 360
G
A
S

R
E
S
E
R
V
O
I
R
Size (acre) 36000
Thickness 100
Permeability (md) 221
Porosity 26%
Rock comressibility (psi-1) 0.0000035
Water compressibility (psi-1) 0.0000035
water FVF 1.02
A
Q
U
I
F
E
R
Field Data Calculations: Reservoir & Aquifer
Parameters
Gas Cumulative production per well
9702.9
10725.5
2931.4
6097.3
6543.9
17270.0
14562.9
0.0
5000.0
10000.0
15000.0
20000.0
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 Well 5 Well 6 Well 7
well number
G
a
s

C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

M
M
S
C
F
Field Data Calculations: Reservoir Production
WELL 52
Time pressure
3/16/1988 2,153
2/27/1989 2,153
4/6/1989 2,320
3/20/1990 2,190
2/4/1991 2,183
6/3/1993 2,199
3/21/1994 2,205
3/25/1995 2,198
6/23/1996 2,199
7/26/1997 2,194
4/18/1998 2,182
5/7/1999 2,201
4/7/2000 2,170
6/25/2001 2,159
7/13/2002 2,163
12/7/2003 2,160
Date Gas Rate (Cal. Day) MScf/d
9/1/1989 438.67
10/1/1989 775.71
11/1/1989 1112
12/1/1989 1275
1/1/1990 1309.06
2/1/1990 1068.54
3/1/1990 2007.16
4/1/1990 1074.53
9/1/1990 2719.23
10/1/1990 2126.97
( )
( )

A
A
A
A
=

=
P
uw
P
uw P
V
V P
P
i
i
i
i
_
Field Data Calculations: Average Pressure Method
2,000
2,020
2,040
2,060
2,080
2,100
2,120
2,140
2,160
2,180
2,200
1/1/1994 5/16/1995 9/27/1996 2/9/1998 6/24/1999 11/5/2000 3/20/2002 8/2/2003 12/14/2004
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e


time
Field Data Calculations: Average Pressure Method
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1935.00 1940.00 1945.00 1950.00 1955.00 1960.00 1965.00 1970.00 1975.00 1980.00
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
d
i
a
)

Time (years)
Field Data Calculations: Average Pressure Method
Extrapolating the first part of the p/Z trend to the x-axis
(p/Z=0) should give us an estimate to the OGIP.
The gas reservoir
is subjected to a
water aquifer.
The aquifer
strength is
moderate.
Field Data Calculations: P/Z Method
Havlena-Odeh Method
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Gp (MMSCf)
F
/
E
g
Field Data Calculations: Havlena-Odeh Method
-1E+32
0
1E+32
2E+32
3E+32
4E+32
5E+32
6E+32
7E+32
8E+32
9E+32
1E+33
0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000
( )
gi g
eD
B B
PW

( )
gi g
p g p
B B
B W B G

+
45
O
Field Data Calculations: Linear Aquifer Model
OGIP = 4.8E+11 scf
Type of aquifer = Radial Aquifer
Rd =8
Td = 0.02

Field Data Calculations: Radial Aquifer Model (The
best Fit)
Field Data Calculations: Radial Aquifer Model (The
best Fit)
Prediction of the reservoir performance was done at two
different offtake rates for 24 years after 35.5 years of
production.

20 MMSCF which is less than the current operating rate
(30 MMSCF).

40 MMSCF and it is higher than the operating rate.


Field Data Calculations: Future Performance
GP (Bscf) GP/G We (MMRB) P (psi)
Q = 20 MMSCFD 400 86% 180 1358
Q = 40 MMSCFD 410.12 88% 150 1242
Field Data Calculations: Future Performance
We have to compromise between maintaining the reservoir at high
pressure while production or depleting it to a very low pressure.


Producing at
high pressure
Producing at low
pressure
No need
for high HP
Compressors
(low Cost)
Slow Production
& Trapped Gas
High HP
Compressors
are needed
(high Cost)
Fast Production
& No Trapped
Gas
Vs.
Cost Estimation
When H
2
S is present, gas productions should
comply with safety measures set by API under
code no. RP 55.

Flaring of gas should be kept at minimum level.

Safety and Environmental Considerations
Conclusions
We are the first group of students to implement
OilWat/GasWat software in graduation projects. This
software is similar to the ones which are used by
operating companies.

It seems that in most cases we may need to adjust some
of the aquifer parameters to best fit the short hand form
of MBE.

Material balance can be applied to determine OGIP and
to identify the drive mechanisms in a selected gas field.

Conclusions
Van Everdingen-Hurst has been found adequate to
identify the reservoir derive mechanism (moderate water
drive) and to characterize the aquifer model (rd =8).

Future performance plan depends on the maximum
recovery factor that could be reached in a specific field
with respect to the depletion pressure.

It is always recommended to produce the gas at a high
offtake rate provided that there is a market for the
produced gas.

Recommendations
It is recommended to produce the gas as fast as
possible, provided that there is a market for the gas.

The surface production facilities must have the capability
to handle such large gas volume produced.

It is recommended to drill a couple of wells in the water
aquifer. This practice would ascertain the collection of
more accurate information about the aquifer.

Another scenario for predicting the performance of the
reservoir is the gas injection.

Water influx is detrimental to gas production. Subsequently,
it is recommended to produce the gas as fast as possible,
provided that there is a market for the gas.

Recommendations
Gant Chart