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Chapter 3

Give me matter, and I will construct a world out of it. Immanuel Kant

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Centroid of Area

Figure 3.1 Ductile material Figure 3.2 Failure of a brittle from a standard tensile test material from a standard apparatus. (a) Necking; (b) tensile test apparatus. failure. Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Fiber Reinforced Composites

Figure 3.3 Strength/density ratio for various materials.

Figure 3.4 Cross section of fiber-reinforced composite material.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Stress-Strain Diagram for Ductile Material

Figure 3.5 Typical stressstrain curve for a ductile material.

Figure 3.6 Typical stress-strain behavior for ductile metal showing elastic and plastic deformations and yield strength Sy. Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Comparison of Brittle and Ductile Materials

Figure 3.7 Typical tensile stressFigure 3.8 Stress-strain strain diagrams for brittle and diagram for ceramic in ductile metals loaded to fracture. tension and in compression. Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Example 3.6

Figure 3.9 Bending strength of bar used in Example 3.6.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Behavior of Polymers

Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer below, at, and above its glass transition behavior.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Density of Materials

Figure 3.11 Density for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Density of Materials

Table 3.1 Density for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F).

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Modulus of Elasticity

Figure 3.12 Modulus of elasticity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Modulus of Elasticity

Table 3.2 Modulus of elasticity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Poissons Ratio

Table 3.3 Poissons ratio for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F).

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Thermal Conductivity

Figure 3.13 Thermal conductivity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Thermal Conductivity

Table 3.4 Thermal conductivity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F).

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Figure 3.14 Linear thermal expansion coefficient for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Table 3.5 Linear thermal expansion coefficient for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F). Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Specific Heat Capacity

Figure 3.15 Specific heat capacity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F).

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Specific Heat Capacity

Table 3.6 Specific heat capacity for various metals, polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C, 68F).

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Example 3.12

Figure 3.16 Rigid beam assembly used in Example 3.12.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Specific Elastic Modulus

Figure 3.17 Modulus of elasticity plotted against density.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Specific Strength

Figure 3.18 Strength plotted against density.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Modulus of Elasticity vs. Strength

Figure 3.19 Modulus of elasticity plotted against strength.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Wear Constant

Figure 3.20 Archard wear constant plotted against limiting pressure.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Modulus of Elasticity vs. Cost

Figure 3.21 Modulus of elasticity plotted against cost times density.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Sand Casting

Figure 3.22 Schematic illustration of the sand casting process.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Forging and Extrusion


Figure 3.23 An example of the steps in forging a connecting rod for an internal combustion engine, and the die used.

Figure 3.24 The extrusion process. (a) Schematic illustration of the forward or direct extrusion process; (b) Examples of cross-sections commonly extruded. Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Polymer Extruder

Figure 3.25 Schematic illustration of a typical extruder.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Available Forms of Materials

Table 3.8 Commercially available forms of materials.

Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

Tolerance vs. Surface Roughness

Figure 3.26 A plot of achievable tolerance versus surface roughness for assorted manufacturing operations. Hamrock Fundamentals of machine Elements

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