Chapter 11

Axial Muscles Michael G. Koot

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 The next two slides are review slides from the Overview to Skeletal Muscle System Lecture

How are muscles named?, p8

By LOCATION - body regions
Brachialis Biceps Brachii External Abdominal Oblique Rectus Femoris

By FUNCTION
Flexor Carpi Radialis Adductor Magnus Supinator

By SHAPE
Deltoid (triangle) Pronator Teres (round) Pronator Quadratus (rectangle) Trapezius (trapezoid)
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How are muscles named?, p9

By NUMBER OF HEADS (-cep = head)

Biceps (two heads) Triceps (three heads) Quadriceps (four heads)

By FIBER DIRECTION
Rectus Abdominus (rectus = straight) Internal Abdominal Oblique (oblique = at an angle)

By ATTACHMENT POINTS
Sterno cleido mastoid Brachio radialis Ilio costalis

By SIZE
Gluteus Maximus (biggest) Adductor Brevis (brevis = short)
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Introduction to Axial Skeletal Muscles, p1

The axial skeletal muscle attach to the axial skeleton to: position the head and vertebral column move the rib cage Axial skeletal muscles do not play a role in the movement or stabilization of the pectoral or pelvic girdles or the limbs. Roughly 60% of the skeletal muscles in the body are axial muscles - in this lecture we are only looking at a few groups; others discussed in specific body systems
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Definition of terms, p1
Bilateral contraction
both R. & L. sides contract

Unilateral contraction
only one side (R or L) contracts

Ipsilateral rotation
Same side rotation; e.g. Right muscle contracts axial skeleton rotates to the Right

Contralateral rotation
Opposite side; e.g. Right muscle contracts axial skeleton rotates to the Left

Ipsilateral flexion (bending)

Same side flexion/bending
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 Slide from CH 9

Motions of the spine

Right and left axial rotation

Right and left lateral flexion (side bending) in frontal plane

Flexion and extension in sagittal plane

Moore & Dalley & Agur 4.16

Superficial Axial Neck Muscle, p2

Sternocleidomastoid: SCM

Fig. 11.9 ACTIONS: Bilateral contraction: neck & head flexion Unilateral contraction: produces opposite side rotation & same side flexion COMMENTS: Superficial to large vessels/nerves of the neck INNERVATION: Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve)
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SCM

Fig. 11.8
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Clinical Correlate: Congenital Muscular Torticollis

add to c-pack CMT, aka wryneck Newborn has shortened and tightened SCM Result of trauma during birth Treatment: stretching, physical therapy, severe case could lead to surgery

Read more on p. 165 of Image Book or in CH 11 in eBook

Page 165 of Image Book, CH 11

Back Muscles, p3
Extrinsic found on the back, but these muscles are actually involved in moving the upper limb, but they have attachments in the back and thorax (trunk); they will be covered in the ULNMS unit. Intrinsic these are the true back muscles, and attach primarily to the axial skeleton they are involved in moving the vertebral column and head maintaining an upright posture all are innervated segmentally by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves.

Fig. 11.1
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Intrinsic Back Muscles, p3

Intrinsic back muscles are arranged in 3 layers The longest mm. are more superficial The shortest mm. are deeper

Superficial layer Splenius m. Intermediate layer - Erector Spinae group Deep layer Transversospinalis group

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General Fiber Directions of Intrinsic Back mm. Splenius Group & the lateral 2 of 3 Erector Spinae travel superiorlaterally from SP to TPs

Transversospinalis travel superior-medially from TPs to SP

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Splenius Muscles, p4
ACTIONS: -Bilateral contraction: extends head & neck -Unilateral contraction: produces same side rotation & same side flexion of head

Fig. 11.10
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Erector Spinae Muscle Group, p5

Consists of 3 vertical columns of muscle Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Mnemonic: I Love Spaghetti (lateral medial) Actions Bilateral: extend the VC, important postural mm. Unilateral: same side flexion

Thieme fig. 2.10

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Erector Spinae Muscle Group, p5

Spinalis

Longissimus Iliocostalis

APR Image
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Transversospinalis Group, p6
Consists of 3 layers of muscle Semispinalis (most superficial) span __ vertebrae Multifidus span __ vertebrae Rotatores (deepest) span __ vertebrae Attachments inferior TP superior SP Actions Bilateral: extend the VC, postural mm. Unilateral: same side flexion

Thieme fig. 2.13

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Transversospinalis Group, p6

Fig. 11.11
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Rotatores Muscle

Fig. 11.12
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Transversospinalis Muscle Group - Review

Thieme fig. 2.13

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Transverse Section of Back Muscles

Transverse section in the lumbar region Thieme fig. 2.2B

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Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles

Extrinsic back muscles are most obvious; only well developed erector spinae muscles are visible

Fig. 13.4
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Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles, p7

Rectus Abdominus (RA)
anterior; midline; 6 pack b/c of tendinous inscriptions; found within abdominal aponeurosis

External Abdominal Oblique (EAO)

superficial layer

Internal Abdominal Oblique (IAO)

middle layer

Transversus Abdominus (TA)

deepest layer

Actions: contraction of these 4 muscles compress abdomen to increases intraabdominal pressure RA, EAO, IAO bilaterally flex trunk EAO and IAO unilaterally rotate trunk to opposite side and same side lateral flexion

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Anterior-Lateral Ab. Wall Fiber Directions

EAO Inferior-medial hands-in-front pockets IAO Superior-medial mostly perpendicular to EAO TA - horizontal RA - vertical
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Anterior-Lateral Ab. Wall Muscles

Fig. 11.14
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Anterior-Lateral Ab. Wall Muscles

Fig. 11.14
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Cross-section of abdominal muscles, p8

Rectus Sheath RA

EAO IAO TA Linea Alba

Thieme fig 11.5b

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Surface Anatomy of Ant-Lat Ab. Wall, p8

Fig. 13.3
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End of Lecture: AXIAL MUSCLES

HERE ARE YOUR NEXT STEPS TOWARD MASTERY OF THE MATERIAL: 1) Review your lecture coursepack notes and power point slides; fill in and amend your coursepack with relevant info from lecture 2) As needed, review the text images, tables, figures etc. to fill in gaps and reinforce knowledge 3) As needed, review pertinent pages in Anatomy Coloring Book. 4) Start working on the coursepack's Sample Questions (answers at end of coursepack and posted on ANGEL) 5) Go to Connect and complete any available practice assignments and go to LearnSmart and complete module for axial skeleton chapter 6) Use APR to learn the axial muscles Any questions regarding my anatomy lecture content? Post your Q to the Unit #1 Discussion Forum on ANGEL Any questions regarding course administration, enrollment, grading, or exam procedure & policy? email me: michael.koot@rad.msu.edu