Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division

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2007-2008

The Cell Cycle: Cell Growth, Cell Division

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2007-2008

Where it all began

You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence

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And now look at you

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How did you get from there to here?

Cell division Cytoplasmic Nuclear

Reducible Non reducible

Mitosis is normal cell division, which goes on throughout life in all parts of the body. Meiosis is the special cell division that creates the sperm and eggs, the gametes. We will discuss meiosis separately.

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Why do cells divide?

For reproduction

asexual reproduction
one-celled organisms

For growth

from fertilized egg to multi-celled organism

amoeba

For repair & renewal

replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury

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Making new cells Nucleus

chromosomes DNA

Cytoskeleton

centrioles
in animals

microtubule spindle fibers

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Nucleus

DNA chromosome
histone protein

Function
protects DNA Structure

nuclear envelope
double membrane
membrane fused in spots to create pores allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear pores nuclear pore

What kind of molecules need to pass through?

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nucleolus nuclear envelope

Cytoskeleton
Function

structural support
maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles protein fibers

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

motility
cell locomotion cilia, flagella

regulation
organizes structures

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& activities of cell

Cytoskeleton

actin microtubule nuclei

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Centrioles Cell division

in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules

spindle fibers

guide chromosomes in mitosis

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 What is passed on to daughter cells?

exact copy of genetic material = DNA

mitosis

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Overview of mitosis

interphase

prophase

(pro-metaphase)

cytokinesis

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metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Interphase
90% of cell life cycle
cell synthesize proteins/enzymes prepares for duplication if triggered

Time to divide & multiply!

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M Mitosis

Cell cycle Cell has a life cycle

cell is formed from a mitotic division

G2 Gap 2

G1 Gap 1

S Synthesis

G0 Resting

cell grows & matures to divide again

G1, S, G2, M epithelial cells, blood cells, stem cells AP Biology

cell grows & matures to never divide again

liver cells G1G0

brain / nerve cells muscle cells

Interphase
Divided into 3 phases:

G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)

cell doing its everyday job

G0

S = DNA Synthesis
copies chromosomes

G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)

prepares for division cell grows (more) produces organelles,

proteins, membranes
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S phase: Copying / Replicating DNA Synthesis phase of Interphase

dividing cell replicates DNA must separate DNA copies correctly to 2 daughter cells

human cell duplicates each daughter cell gets complete

identical copy

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ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC

Organizing DNA

DNA

DNA is organized in
chromosomes
double helix DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins

histones

like thread on spools

DNA-protein complex = chromatin

organized into long thin fiber

chromatin

condensed further during mitosis

double stranded chromosome duplicated mitotic chromosome

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Copying DNA & packaging it

After DNA duplication, chromatin condenses

coiling & folding to make a smaller package

DNA mitotic chromosome

chromatin

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Note:
Chromosomes exist in 2 different
states, before and after they replicate their DNA. Before replication, chromosomes have one chromatid. After replication, chromosomes have 2 sister chromatids, held together at the centromere. Each chromatid is one piece of DNA with its supporting proteins. In mitosis, the two chromatids of each chromosome separate, with each chromatid going into a daughter cell. Remember that diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. These pairs of chromosomes are NOT attached together.
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 Duplicated chromosome
2 sister chromatids narrow at centromeres contain identical copies of original DNA

Mitotic Chromosome

homologous chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

single-stranded AP Biology

sister chromatids double-stranded

homologous = same information

Mitosis Dividing cells DNA between

2 daughter nuclei 4 phases
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

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Cell Cycle

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24

green = key features

Prophase
Chromatin condenses

visible chromosomes
chromatids

Centrioles move to opposite

poles of cell

Protein fibers cross cell to form

mitotic spindle

microtubules
actin, myosin

coordinates movement of chromosomes

Nuclear membrane breaks down

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green = key features

Transition to Metaphase
Prometaphase

spindle fibers attach to centromeres

creating kinetochores
connect centromeres to

centrioles

chromosomes begin moving

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green = key features

Metaphase
Chromosomes align
along middle of cell

metaphase plate
meta = middle

spindle fibers coordinate movement helps to ensure chromosomes separate properly

so each new nucleus

receives only 1 copy of each chromosome

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green = key features

Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate at
kinetochores
move to opposite poles pulled at centromeres pulled by motor proteins walkingalong microtubules

actin, myosin increased production of

ATP by mitochondria

Poles move farther apart

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polar microtubules lengthen

Separation of chromatids In anaphase, proteins holding together sister

chromatids are inactivated

separate to become individual chromosomes

1 chromosome 2 chromatids AP Biology double-stranded

2 chromosomes single-stranded

Chromosome movement Kinetochores use

motor proteins that walk chromosome along attached microtubule

microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore (chromosome) end

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green = key features

Telophase

Chromosomes arrive at
opposite poles
daughter nuclei form nucleoli form chromosomes disperse

no longer visible under

light microscope

Spindle fibers disperse Cytokinesis begins

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cell division

Cytokinesis

Animals

constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell

cleavage furrow forms splits cell in two like tightening a draw

string

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Cytokinesis
The
organelles (other than the chromosomes) get divided up into the 2 daughter cells passively: they go with whichever cell they find themselves in. in different ways.

Plant and animal cells divide the cytoplasm In plant cells, a new cell wall made of

cellulose forms between the 2 new nuclei, about where the chromosomes lined up in metaphase. Cell membranes form along the surfaces of this wall. When the new wall joins with the existing side wall, the 2 cells have become separate. (microfilaments are composed of actin) forms around the cell equator and contacts, pinching the cell in half.

In animal cells, a ring of actin fibers

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Any Questions??

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2007-2008

Control of Cell Cycle

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Phases of the cell cycle

Interphase

G1 (gap 1) S (synthesis)- doubling G2 (gap 2) M (mitosis)- halving C (cytokinesis)

G1

S
G2
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Cell cycle checkpoints

Control mechanisms that ensure the
fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression into the next phase. Multiple checkpoints have been identified, though some of them are less understood than others.

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Cell cycle checkpoints

An
important function of many checkpoints is to assess DNA damage, which is detected by sensor mechanisms. When damage is found, the checkpoint uses a signal mechanism either to stall the cell cycle until repairs are made or, if repairs cannot be made, to target the cell for destruction via apoptosis (effector mechanism).

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Progression of the cell cycle is regulated by feedback from intracellular events

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