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NOORAMIRA ROZALI RABIATUL ADAWIYAH GHAZULI KWEH JIAN YI

Single cotyledon Parallel-veined leaves Flower parts in threes Stems with scattered vascular bundles Absence of secondary growth Primary roots that abort early and are replaced by adventitious root system

Large, relatively thin-walled vessels, tracheids in

xylem for more efficient water transport Sieve-tube members associated with companion cells in phloem
Larger diameter sieve-tube members and larger sieve pores increased efficiency of sugar transport

Fruit Aids in dispersal of seeds

Functions Aids in pollination Protects developing seeds Disperses mature seeds Thought to be modified branch whose leaves

became sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Some

flowers and insects have a symbiotic or mutual relationship. Angiosperms that are dependent on birds for pollination usually have brightly colored flowers to attract the birds. Red flowers are common in Angiosperms dependent on birds for pollination. Because of this relationship, angiosperms are the dominant plant varieties populating Earth today.

Proposed

by William Bond as explanation of angiosperm dominance Theory predicts that gymnosperms will be outcompeted everywhere except where angiosperm seedling competition is reduced, as in cold-temperate regions with nutrient-poor soils

Gymnosperms Woody and slow-growing

Angiosperms Many are herbaceous and fastgrowing

Lengthy reproductive cycles


Long juvenile stage

Short reproductive cycles


Short juvenile stage

Cotyledons and young leaves are thick Cotyledons and young leaves are and evergreen, energetically often thin, deciduous, energetically expensive to make, and not cheap to make, and variable in shape changeable in shape Tracheids and sieve cells relatively inefficient Slow seedling growth rate Vessels and sieve-tube members are highly efficient Rapid seedling growth rate

which

it is the sole genus of the oldest surviving line of monocots. Example: Acorus calamus

only

monocots known to have green embryo Their flower are usually arranged in inflorescences, and the mature seeds lack endosperm. include the only marine angiosperms

Species

are used as food and flavourings (e.g. onion, garlic, vanila as cut flowers (e.g. iris and orchid) as garden ornamentals (e.g. day lilies, lily of the valley , Agapanthus)

Dioscoreaceae contains mainly vines (Dioscores) and other crawling species (Epipetrum). Nartheciaceae on the other hand is a family composed of herbeceous plants with a rather lilylike appearance (Aletris) Burmanniaceae is entirely mycoheterotrophic group.

consists

mostly of herbaceous plants, but lianas and shrubs occur mostly perennial plants, with food storage organs such as corms or rhizome

an

order distinctive with its highly variable and hardly definable morphology of the flower even different interpretations about the composition and organization of the reproductive structures

Members

of the commelinid clade have cell wall containing UV-flourescent ferullic acid. Order Arecales (palms) Order Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth) Order Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads) Order Zingiberales (gingers, banana)

Whether as shrubs, trees, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves, and inflorescences.

share

a number of synapomorphies that tie them together, such as a lack of mycorrhizal associations and tapetal raphides.

The

flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch.

This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberacea or ginger family, and bananas and plantains of the Musaceae or banana family, along with arrowroot of the Marantaceae or arrowroot family.

Occur at stem of the base of nodes and leaf blades Allow damage leaves to rapidly regrow The leaf regrowth in grasses ia a evolve response to damage by grazing herbivores.

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Non- woody Monocot dont have vascular cambium, no secondary growth However, palm and coconut do have hard stem Their stem comprise of fibers New vascular bundles and parenchyma tissue are added as the stem grow in diameter Stem can bend when wing blow, so that they wont break, even dont have huge stem.

Dicot Stem

Monocot Stem

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Leaves Most of monocot have long and narrow leaf Palm and coconut have large and feather-like pinnate structure leaves When wind blow strongly, it wont tear the leaf

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They can asexual reproduce rapidly Because they have simple structure, use less energy to growth They can asexual reproduce in difference ways Runner grasses Rhizome ginger Buld onion Tuber potato

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