INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS ON OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND FAR-REACHING PERIOD OF MODERN HISTORY. INDUSTRIAL WAS NEITHER SUDDEN NOR VIOLENT BUT IT WAS A GRADUAL CHANGE THAT HAD ENORMOUS IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY . ENGLAND WAS THE FIRST TO EXPERIENCE IT ,IT WAS THE ONLY COUNTRY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THAT POSSESED THE PRE CONDITION FOR A CHANGE FROM A BASIC LOCAL MARKET ECONOMY TO THAT OF AN INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL ONE

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN WHICH BEGAN ROUGHLF Y AROUND 1760 WAS PRECEDED BY AGRARIAN REVOLUTION UNDER THE ENCLOSURE ACT COMMON FIELD AND WASTE LAND WERE BROUGHT UNDER INTENSIVE CULTIVATION . AS A RESULT PRODUCTIVITY INCREASED . TO FACILITATE THE MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURPLUS PRODUCE IMPROVED ROADS AND CANAL PROVIDED AN UNPRECEDENTED NETWORK OF GOOD TRANSPORTATION ROUTES. IN THE INITIAL STAGE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BASIC SOURCE OF ENERGY WAS FLOWING WATER ,THUS MOST INDUSTRIES WERE LOCATED NEAR BANKS OF RIVER. AS A RESULT THE INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY THAT COMPOSED OF RESIDENTIAL ,COMMERCIAL,AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDING BEGAN TO LIVE NEAR INDUSTRIES BECAUSE IN THIS WAY THEY WERE NEAR TO THEIR WORKPLACE AND ALSO GOT THE AMENITIES OF THE RIVER BANK.

WOEKERS
WORKERS URBAN HOUSES WERE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE EARLIER AGRICULTURE SICIETY .THEY LIVE IN SMALL COTTAGES UNLIKE THOSE FARM WORKER. AT THE SAME TIME EMPLOYERS OCCUPIED SO CALLED VILLAS THAT IMITATED THE MANORS OF THE LANDED GENTRY. DUE TO THIS NEW SETTLEMENT WORKERS FACE A CHANGE IN THEIR DOMESTIC SETTING BT WITH HIS REMOVAL FROM COUNTRYSIDE TO THE CITY , THE WORKERS NO LONGER HAD A GARDEN TO PROVIDE HIM WITH FOOD, WHICH MEANT HE WAS ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON HIS WAGES FOR SUBSISTENCE

SECOND PHASE
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENTERED ITS SECOND PHASE WHEN COAL REPLACED WATER AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY.THE SITING OF THE FACTORIES NECESSARILY CHANGED TO WHERE COAL WAS ABUNDANT AND MINING AREAS BECAME IMPORTANT CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. SOON THIS ROLE WAS CHALLENGED BY THE INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE AND RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY NETWORK. THE USE STEAM POWER WAS ACCOMPAINED BY CONSTRUCTION IN BRICK AND IRON ,AT FIRST CAST- AND WROUGHT IRON AND LATER STEEL.LARGE SPANNED STRUCTURE WERE ERECTED FOR MILLS ,FOUNDRIES AND FACTORIES FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL GOODS. THUS IN THE SECOND PHASE ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDRATION DETERMINES THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.

TOWNS AND CITIES

TOWNS AND CITIES GREW IN SIZE AS THEIR POPULATION INCREASED ,THE SOCIAL PROBELEM THAT DERIVED FROM OUTMODED HOUSING ALSO MULTIPLIED . MIGRATION FROM THE RURAL AREAS WAS SO GREAT THAT CITIES COULD NO LONGER EFFICIENTLY CONTROL THEIR GROWTH NOR IT WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE DECENT HOUSING. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION PRODUCED OVER CROWDED SLUMS. PEOPLE WHO WORKED IN FACTORIES HAD TO LEAVE THEIR VILLAGE ,THE ABSENCE OF CHEAP QUICK MEANS OF PUBLIC MASS TRANSPORTATION MADE IT IMPERATIVE TO LIVE CLOSE TO THE WORKPLACE. THE HOUSES GREW IN THE MIDST OF THE GREY ENVIRONMENT OF FACTORIES AND SLAG HEAPS THAT REPLACED THE GREEN FIELDS .

 LIVING CONDITION OF THE WORKERS START TO DECLINE AND SOON THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY IN DIFFERENT CLASSES WAS VISIBLE. THE CHURCHES OF THE RICH WERE NO LONGER CHURCHES OF THE WORKERS, NOR DID WORKERS CHILDREN ATTEND THE SAME SCHOOL AS THE CHILDREN OF WELL-TO-DO FAMILIES AND OF COURSE ,SHOP CATERED TO DISPARATE CLIENTLESS. AS FACTORIES PROSPERED AND NEW TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS LED TO BOTH THE EXTENSION OF EXISTING INDUSTRIES AND FOUNDING NEW ONES,PEOPLE FROM OVERPOPULATED RURAL AREA FLOCKED TO THE CITIES . THIS MIGRATION COUPLED WITH HIGH BIRTH RATE THAT MEANS INDUSTRIAL CENTRES OF THE BRITISH ISLES EXPERIENCED PHENOMINAL POPULATION INCREASE.

 TOWNS AND CITIES WERE ILL PREPARED TO ACCOMMODATE THE LARGE INFLUX OF THE PEOPLE SEEKING EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS IN THE NEW INDUSTRIAL TOWNS THAT ESTABLISHED ON THE PERIPHERY OF EXISTING TOWNS , THE MOST ELEMENTRY TRADITIONS OF MUNCIPAL AMENITIES AND SERVICES WERE NOT PREPARED . DESPITE THEIR FOULNESS,EVEN OPEN SEWERS REPRESENTED COMPARATIVE MUNICIPAL AFFLUENCE. OVERCROWDED CITIES ALSO BECAME BREEDING GROUND FOR EPIDEMICS. GREAT BRITAIN WAS THE FIRST TO FALL VICTIM TO URBAN DEGRADATION AS A RESULT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SIMILAR CONDITION BUT THE EXTENT WAS NOT AS MUCH AS THAT OF ENGLAND.

REFORMERS
TO IMPROVE THE CONDITIONS OF THE POOR AND WORKING CLASS SEVERAL SOCIAL REFORMERS CAME INTO EXISTANCE. SOME OF THE REFORMERS START TO LIVE AMONG LABOURS AS THEIR NEIGHBOUR TO BRING TO THE MAIN STREAM. BUT THIS EFFORT WAS NOT SO MUCH EFFECTIVE HOWEVER IT WAS AN AWARENESS TO THE WORKERS UP A LESSER EXTENT . FINALLY IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT GOOD HOUSING CONDITION WAS THE ONLY SOLUTION FOR THIS PROBLEM AROUSE DUE TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

BACK -TO -BACKS TENEMENTS AND BYLAW HOUSING

TO SETTLE GREAT INFLUX OF THE PEOPLE THERE WAS A DEMAND OF HOUSING FOR THE WORKERS IN ALL COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION. THIS NEW DEMAND WAS PARTIALLY MET BY THE CONVERSION OF MIDDLE CLASS HOUSING IN TO TENEMENTS BT TO A GREATER BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEW HOUSES. THUS 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY BECAME THE VEHICLE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS.

THE HIGH STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED WERE REPLACED BY SHODDY BUILDING PRACTICES TO MEET THE EVER GROWING DEMAND.

 AT FIRST ,TRADITIONAL RURAL AND URBAN HOUSING MODELS WERE OCCUPIED BY THE BUILDERS. ONE MODEL WAS ALUMHOUSES ,PRIVATELY FINANCED HOMES FOR THE CITY POOR. OTHER MODELS THE TRADITIONAL FARM LABOURERS COTTAGE AND TENANTSHOUSING IN RURAL SETTING SIMILAR TO THOSE BUILT TOWARDS THE END OF 18TH CENTURY. UNDER THESE CONDITION OF TIGHTLY PACKED ROW HOUSE DEVELOPMENT PRIMITIVE HYGIENE AND SANITATION REVEALED INADEQUET AS CESSPOOLS OVERFLOWED ,DRAINAGE WAS EITHER BLOCKED OR NON EXISTENTAND WATER SUPPLY BECAME POLLUTED. IN CONTARST TO THE FARM LABORERS COTTAGE WHICH HAD SMALL GARDEN BACK AND FRONT ,THE NEW VERSION OF WORKERS COTTAGE HAD MERELY A SMALL COURTYARD IN THE REAR

 THE PRESSURE FOR GREAT EXPLOITATION OF URBAN LAND LED TO THE USE OF THE BACK -TO - BACK DWELLING, AROW HOUSE DEVELOPMWNT WHERE ALL DWELLING UNIT EXCEPT THE END UNIT WERE ATTACHED ON THREE SIDES TO NEIGHBOURING UNIT. BACK-TOBACK DWELLINGS HAD A LIVING ROOM AND A SECULLERY AT GROUND LEVEL AND TWO BED ROOM ON THE UPPER LEVEL . THEY HAD ONLY ONE ENTRANCE ,AND ALL WINDOWS WERE ON THE ENTRANCE SIDE. NO CROSS VENTILATION. THE ABSENCE OF OPEN SPACE IN URBAN AREA ,COMBINED WITH POOR SANITARY FACILITY ,RESULTED IN VERY UNHEALTHY LIVING CONDITION. TO MAXIMIZE LAND-USE EFFICIENCY ,ROWS OF BACK-TOBACK WERE FREQUENTLY BUILT AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE STREET AND WERE SEPERATED FROM EACH OTHER BY NARROW AND ILL VENTILATED ALLEYS OR COURTS. AT THE REAR OF THE COURT WERE COMMUNAL TOILETS,SHARED BY ALL TENANTS AT THE RATIO OF SEVEN FAMILIES TO ONE TOILET.

 BY THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND INTO THE 20TH CENTURY,CONSIDERABLE SECTION OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN INDUSTRIAL CITIES SUCH AS LIVERPOOL AND BIRMINGHAM USED THE BACK-TO-BACK DWELLINGS FOR THE WORKERS.