Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

EUROCODE 3

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

References Trahair NS, Bradford MA, Nethercot DA and Gardner L (2009). The behaviour and design of steel structures to EC3. 4th Ed. Taylor & Francis IStructE Design Manual to EC3 Arya C (2009) Design of structural elements. 3rd edition. Spon.

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

BS EN 1993: Eurocode 3:Part 1.1 -Design of steel structures, general rules and rules for buildings

Parts
1.1 Design of steel structures, general rules and rules for buildings 1.2 Fire Resistance 1.3 Cold formed thin gauge members 1.4 Stainless steel 1.5 Plated structural elements 1.6 Strength and stability of shell structures 1.7 Strength and stability of planar plated structures transversely loaded

1.8 Design of joints 1.9 Fatigue strength of steel structures 1.10 Selection of steel for fracture toughness and through thickness properties 1.11 Design of structures with tension components made of steel 1.12 Supplementary rules for high strength steel

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

EC 3 Layout
1.1 Design of steel structures, general rules and rules for buildings

Volume 1

Symbols, Wel G

Chapters based on design criteria not element type as in BS 5950

Introduction Basis of design Grades? E, Materials Serviceability limit states Ultimate limit states Connections Deflections Fabrication Deign assisted by testing Fatigue

Calculations Important data and National Application Documents (NAD)

Volume 2
Lots of Annexes

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Member definition Member axes A matter of consistency with the other Eurocodes

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Reading Symbols

Schematic but cumbersome!

Design Plastic Moment of Resistance about the y-y axis (thats the major one)

M pl . y .Rd
New Symbols!

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Limit States Clause 2.3.2

Static equilibrium Rupture or excessive deformation Transformation into mechanism Instability due to 2nd order effects( sway) Fatigue Accidental damage

Two principal limit states, ULS and SLS with the same meanings as BS5950.
Clause 2.3.2
Deformations which affect appearance Vibration/sway which cause discomfort Damage to finishes

PLUS a 3rd limit state of Durability

Roughly the same as Table 4.1 BS 5950

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

ACTIONS not LOADS EC 3 Permanent actions (gg=1.35) Variable actions (gq=1.5) Design action Fd = gf Fk Partial safety factor BS 5950 Dead load (gg=1.4)

Live load (gq=1.6)

Characteristic action

EC1: Actions on structures

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Cross section Resistance not

Material Design Strength

Design resistance

Rd = Rk/ gM

Partial safety factor for the resistance

Characteristic resistance
gM is not the same as gm (BS5950, generally 1.0)
gM0 Resistance of section gM1 Buckling resistance gM2 Net section resistance = 1.00 = 1.00 = 1.10/1.25

EC3: Clause 2.2.3.3

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Classification of sections

EC3
Class 1 Cross sections Class 2 Cross section

BS 5950
plastic compact

Depends upon the proportions of each of its compression elements

Class 3 Cross section

Class 4 Cross section

semi-compact
slender

c/tf for flanges

d/tw for webs These are defined differently from BS5950

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering Maximum width to thickness ratios for compression elements Class of element
Type of element

Section classification

Class 1
c/tf10e

Class 2 c/tf 11e d/tw 83e

d/tw 38e 275 0.92

Class 3 c/tf 15e d/tw 124e

d/tw 42e

Outstand flange

Web (neutral axis at mid depth) d/tw 72e Web subject to compression

d/tw 33e 235 1

fy

355
0.81

For rolled sections EC3 is

More onerous for webs Less onerous for outstand flanges

e = (235/ f y) 0.5

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Materials
Steel got stiffer (+2.4%)

Material Coefficients

210GPa versus 205GPa

Characteristic strengths

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Design of fully restrained beams

Resistance of cross section to bending and shear Shear buckling resistance Flange induced buckling Resistance of web to transverse forces (web buckling) Deflection (SLS)

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Design of laterally restrained beam (EC3)

Check the suitability of 356 x 171 x 51 UB section to span (simply supported) 8.0 metres in S275 steel loaded by UDLs gk = 8 kN/m and qk = 6 kN/m.
Assume beam is fully laterally restrained and beam sits on 100 mm bearings. (Arya, 3rd Edition, Example 9.1)

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Design moment

FEd = (1.35 x 8 + 1.50 x 6) x 8.0 = 158.4 kN MEd = FEd.L/8 = 158.4 x 8/8 = 158.4 kNm

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Section classification
Flange thickness tf = 11.5 mm, hence fy (S275) = 275 N/mm2. e = (235/fy)0.5 = (235/275)0.5 = 0.92 Flange outstand, c = (b tw -2r)/2 = 71.9 mm

c/tf = 71.9/11.5 = 6.25 < 9e (= 8.28) Web (d = 312.3 mm) d/tw = 312.3/7.3 = 42.8 < 72e (= 66.2) Therefore section CLASS 1.

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Moment of resistance
BS5950
Plastic and Compact sections

EC 3
Class 1&2 sections

Mc=pyS
Semi-Compact sections

Mc.Rd=fyWpl/gM1
Class 3 sections

Mc=pyZ

Mc=pySeff

Mc.Rd=fyWel.min/gM1
Class 4 sections

Slender sections

Mc=pyZeff Reduction for shear if Fv<0.6Pv

Mc.Rd=fyWeff.min/gM1

Reduction for shear if VEd<0,5Vpl.Rd

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Shear resistance
BS5950
EC 3

Pv=0.6 PyAv Av =tD

Vpl,Rd= Av (fy/3)/g M0
Av =A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf

Shear Buckling if
d/t > 70 e

Check shear Buckling if hw/tw > 72 e/h (h = 1 mostly)

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Cross-section resistance

Bending moment: Mpl,Rd = (Wpl,y fy)/gM0 = (895 x 103 x 275)/1.0 = 246.1 kNm > MEd (=158.4 kNm) OK

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Shear resistance: VEd = FEd/2 = 79.2 kN For class 1 section use plastic shear resistance: Vpl,Rd = Av(fy/3)/gM0.
Av = A 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf hhwtw (=2428 mm2)
= 64.6 x 102 2 x 171.5 x 11.5 + (7.3 + 2 x 10.2) x 11.5

= 2834 mm2 Hence, Vpl,Rd

= 2834 (275/ 3)/1.00 = 540.4 kN > VEd

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Flange induced buckling hw/tw k (E/fyf)[Aw/Afc] 0.5

where: Aw = web area Afc = compression flange area fyf = compression flange yield strength k = 0.3 (class 1); 0.4 (class 2); 0.55 (class 3 and 4)

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Resistance of web to transverse forces

1 2 3 Crushing of webs + plastic deformation of flange Crippling and crushing web + plastic deformation of flange Buckling of web over most of depth

Force resisted by web shear

Force transmitted through web

Use smaller of 1 or 2

Use smaller of 1 or 3

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Deflections
BS5950
Pre-camber,

EC 3
d0

Imposed load only

Permanent action, d1 Variable action, d2

Span/360 Span/200

Brittle finishes General

d 2 <L/350 Brittle finishes d 2 <L/300 General

d max=(d 1 +d 2 d 0) <L/250
d0
d1 d2 d max

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Compression members
Resistance of cross section to compression Buckling resistance of members

Nc.Rd= Aeff fy/gM0

Nc.Rd= A fy/gM0

BS5950

EC 3

Pc.= Ag pc
A function of the slenderness l

Nb.Rd=cA fy/g M1
A reduction factor pronounced (Hee)

Quite a few tables !

c depends upon the non-dimensional l slenderness

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Compression members-Buckling Resistance

The process to get c
Calculate the slenderness

Nb.Rd=cA fy/g M1
l (Afy/Ncr)0.5

Calculate the non dimensional slenderness

l (Lcr / icr)(1/93.9e)

Look up imperfection factor a Calculate phi

f 0.5(1+ a(l-0.2)+l2

1
f + [f2-l2]0.5

Or Table 5.5.2!

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Example: Column subject to axial load

Check suitability of 203 x 203 x 60 UC in S275 steel to resist design axial compression force of 1400 kN.
Assume column is pinned at both ends and is 6.0 m metres high. (Arya, 3rd Edition, Example 9.7).

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Section properties
From steel section tables: Area of section, A = 7580 mm2 Flange thickness, tf = 14.2 mm Radius of gyration about major axis, iy = 89.6 mm Radius of gyration abut minor axis, iz = 51.9 mm

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Section classification
Strength classification tf = 14.2 mm, steel grade S275 Hence, fy = 275 N/mm2 Section classification e = (235/275)0.5 = 0.92 c/tf = 87.75/14.2 = 6.18 < 9e (9 x 0.92 = 8.28) d/tw = 160.9/9.3 = 17.3 < 33e (33 x 0.92 = 30.36) Hence section class 1.

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Compression resistance of section

Nc,Rd

= Afy/gM0 = (7580 x 275)/1.00 = 2084 kN > NEd = 1400 kN

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Buckling resistance
Effective length of column about both axes: Lcr = Lcry = Lcrz = 1.0L = 6000 mm Minor axis therefore more critical Relative slenderness l1 given by: l1 = 93.9e = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.4 Non-dimensional slenderness about minor axis: l = ((Afy)/Ncr) = (Lcr/iz).(1/l1) = (6000/51.9) . (1/86.4) = 1.33

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Determine buckling curve: h/b = 209.6/205.2 = 1.02 < 1.2 tf = 14.2 mm < 100 mm Use buckling about z-z axis buckling curve c. Use a = 0.49

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

_ _ = 0.5 . [1 +a (l - 0.2) + l2] = 0.5 . [1 + 0.49 x (1.33 0.2) + 1.332] = 1.66 _ c = 1/[ + (2 -l2)] = 1/[1.66 + (1.662 1.332)] = 0.377

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Hence design buckling resistance: Nb,Rd = cAfy/gM1

= (0.377 x 7580 x 275)/1.00 = 785.8 kN < 1400 kN Therefore section is unsuitable.

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Lateral Torsional Buckling of beams

Designer must ensure

Mb.RdMSd

Partial safety factor for Buckling

Mb.Rd=cLTWpl.y fy/g M1
A reduction factor for Lateral torsional buckling

Similar process as for buckling identical buckling curves

Geometric slenderness ratio lLT Slenderness ratio l LT Buckling Factor cLT Buckling Resistance Mb.Rd

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

How to obtain cLT

Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance

Calculate the non dimensional slenderness

lLT (Wpl.yfy / Mcr )0.5

Look up imperfection factor a LT

a LT =0.21
Calculate phi

fLT 0.5(1+ a LT (l LT -0.2)+l LT2

cLT

1
fLT+ [fLT 2-blLT2]0.5

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

How to obtain lLT

Approximately

Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance

lLT L / 96 iz
For Hot rolled Fully restrained flanges No destabilising loads

By Calculating

Mcr

Accounts for load position from shear centre

Mcr= C1

p2EIz
Lcr2

k kw

0.5

Iw LcrGIT 2 + 2 +(C2 zg) -C2 zg Iz p EIz

Z axis fixity

Accounts of ratio of end moments

warping fixity Increase factor for buckling accounting for flexural curvature Vertical distance of load from shear centre

Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering

Connections
Connection design covered in BS EN1993-1-8.

Guidance more comprehensive than BS 5950.

Results for bolted and welded connections more conservative than BS 5950 (M = 1.10). Slip factor for friction grip fasteners taken as 0.2 rather than 0.45.