Kinetic Theory and The Gas Laws

Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws
A fixed mass of gas can be described in terms of:

Its Volume, V

Its Volume, V Its Pressure, P

Its Volume, V Its Pressure, P Its Temperature ,T

These can also be related to the movement of the molecules within the gas:

These can also be related to the movement of the molecules within the gas:
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws There are three laws which relate two of these quantities While the third is kept constant:
1 Boyles Law this relates the Volume ,V of a fixed mass of a gas to its Pressure, P while its temperature remains constant. 2 CharlesLaw this relates the Volume, V of a fixed mass of a gas to its temperature, T while its pressure remains constant 3 Pressure Law this relates the Pressure, P of a fixed mass of gas to its temperature, T while its volume remains constant.
Fixed Mass of Dry Air
Volume of Air, V
Oil Column to Compress Air
Pressure Gauge to Measure Pressure of Air,P
Pump Oil Reservoir
V (cm 3)
P (Pa)
V-1 (cm-3)
PxV
Volume V (cm 3) 13.80 15.20 17.20 19.80 23.30 28.00 35.40 46.50 53.90
Pressure/105 P (Pa) 4.00 3.60 3.20 2.80 2.40 2.00 1.60 1.20 1.00
1/Vol V-1 (cm-3) 0.072 0.066 0.058 0.051 0.043 0.036 0.028 0.022 0.019
PxV
55.20 54.72 55.04 55.44 55.92 56.00 56.64 55.80 53.90

Graph of Pressure Against Volume for a Fixed Mass of Gas at Constant Temperature
4.50 4.00
Pressure/105 (Pa)
3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Volume (cm3)

Graph of (Volume-1) of a Fixed Mass of Gas at Constant Temperature Against its Pressure
0.080 0.070
1/Volume (cm )
-3
0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
57.00 56.00 55.00 54.00
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Pressure/105(Pa)
0.000 0.050 0.100
Since the graph is a straight line through the origin:
Since the graph is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to 1/Volume or, P is proportional to 1/V
Since the graph is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to 1/Volume or, P is proportional to 1/V or, P = constant x 1/V
Since the graph is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to 1/Volume or, P is proportional to 1/V or, P = constant x 1/V Therefore, P x V = constant
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Consider a fixed mass of gas which is compressed at constant temperature
Initial Volume = V1 Initial Pressure = P1
Final Volume = V2 Final Pressure = P2 (Higher)
Final Volume = V2 Final Pressure = P2 (Higher)
Boyles Law tells us: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Numerical Example
2m3 of gas at 2 x 105 Pa is compressed to a new volume of 0.5m3. What is its new pressure?
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Initial Pressure = P1 = 2 x 105 Pa
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Final Volume = V2 = 0.5m3 Initial Pressure = P1 = 2 x 105 Pa Final Pressure = P2 = ? Pa
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Using Boyles Law: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 Final Volume = V2 = 0.5m3 Initial Pressure = P1 = 2 x 105 Pa Final Pressure = P2 = ? Pa
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Using Boyles Law: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 Therefore: P2 = P1 x V1 V2 Final Volume = V2 = 0.5m3 Initial Pressure = P1 = 2 x 105 Pa Final Pressure = P2 = ? Pa
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Final Volume = V2 = 0.5m3 Initial Pressure = P1 = 2 x 105 Pa Final Pressure = P2 = ? Pa Using Boyles Law: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 Therefore: P2 = P1 x V1 = 2 x 105 x 2 = 8 x 105 Pa V2 0.5
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws There are three laws which relate two of these quantities While the third is kept constant: 1 Boyles Law this relates the Volume ,V of a fixed mass of a gas to its Pressure, P while its temperature remains constant. 2 CharlesLaw this relates the Volume, V of a fixed mass of a gas to its temperature, T while its pressure remains constant 3 Pressure Law this relates the Pressure, P of a fixed mass of gas to its temperature, T while its volume remains constant.
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Glass tube Sealed at one end Ruler Atmospheric Pressure Plug of sulphuric acid Trapped dry air Thermometer
Water
Volume, V
HEAT
T (oC)
V (cm3)
T (K)
V (cm3)
V/T (cm3K-1)
Temperature Volume Temperature T V T (oC) (cm3) (K) 6.0 16.0 25.0 31.0 37.0 44.0 54.0 12.5 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.7 279 289 298 304 310 317 327
Volume V (cm3) 12.5 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.7
V/T (cm3K-1) 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045

Graph of the Volume of a Fixed Mass of Gas against Temperature ( oC)
16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 Temperature ( oC) -50 0 50 100
Volume (cm 3)

Graph of the Volume of a Fixed Mass of Gas Against its Absolute Temperature
16 14 12
Volume (cm 3)
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Temperature (K)
Conclusion
Since the graph of Volume against Temperature (K) is a straight line through the origin:
Conclusion
Since the graph of Volume against Temperature (K) is a straight line through the origin: Volume is Proportional to Temperature (K) or, V is proportional to T (K)
Conclusion
Since the graph of Volume against Temperature (K) is a straight line through the origin: Volume is Proportional to Temperature (K) or, or, V is proportional to T (K) V = constant x T (K)
Conclusion
Since the graph of Volume against Temperature (K) is a straight line through the origin: Volume is Proportional to Temperature (K) or, or, V is proportional to T (K) V = constant x T (K)
Therefore:
V/T(K) = constant
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Consider a fixed mass of gas which is cooled at constant pressure
Initial Volume = V1 Initial Temperature = T1
Final Volume = V2 Final Temperature = T2 (Cooler) Initial Volume = V1 Initial Temperature = T1
Final Volume = V2 Final Temperature = T2 (Cooler) Initial Volume = V1 Initial Temperature = T1
Charles Law tells us: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Numerical Example
2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 27oC is heated at constant pressure until its volume has increased to 8m3. What is its new temperature?
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Initial Temperature = T1 = 27oC
Numerical Example
Initial Volume = V1 = 2m3 Initial Temperature = T1 = 27oC Final Volume = V2 = 8m3 Final Temperature = T2 = ?
Numerical Example
Using Charles Law: V1 = V2 T1 T2
Numerical Example
Using Charles Law: V1 = V2 T1 T2 Therefore T2 = V2 x T1 V1
Numerical Example
Using Charles Law: V1 = V2 T1 T2 Therefore T2 = V2 x T1 = 8 x (27+273) = 1200K V1 2 = (1200-273) oC = 927oC
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws There are three laws which relate two of these quantities While the third is kept constant:
1 Boyles Law this relates the Volume ,V of a fixed mass of a gas to its Pressure, P while its temperature remains constant.
2 CharlesLaw this relates the Volume, V of a fixed mass of a gas to its temperature, T while its pressure remains constant 3 Pressure Law this relates the Pressure, P of a fixed mass of gas to its temperature, T while its volume remains constant.
Temperature T (oC)
Pressure P (kPa)
Temperature T (K)
P/T
(kPaK-1)
Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
P/T
(oC)
(kPa)
(K)
(kPa)
(kPaK-1)
0.0
95
278.0
95
0.34
20.0
104
298.0
104
0.35
35.0
109
313.0
109
0.35
55.0
116
333.0
116
0.35
100.0
130
378.0
130
0.34
Graph of the Pressure of a Fixed Mass of Gas Against Tem perature ( 0C) at Constant Volum e
140
Pressure (kPa)
120 100 80 60
-2780C
40 20 0
-300.0
-250.0
-200.0
-150.0
-100.0
-50.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
Tem perature ( oC)
Graph of Pressure of a Fixed Mass of Gas Against Absolute Tem perature
140 120 100
Pressure (kPa)
80 60 40 20 0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 Tem perature (K) 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0
Since the graph of Pressure against Temperature(K) is a straight line through the origin:
Since the graph of Pressure against Temperature(K) is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to Temperature(K)
or,
P is proportional to T (K)
Since the graph of Pressure against Temperature(K) is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to Temperature(K) or, P is proportional to T (K)
or,
P = constant x T (K)
Since the graph of Pressure against Temperature(K) is a straight line through the origin: Pressure is Proportional to Temperature(K) or, or, P is proportional to T (K) P = constant x T (K)
Therefore:
P/T(K) = constant
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Consider a fixed mass of gas heated at constant volume: Initial Pressure = P1 Initial Temperature = T1
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Consider a fixed mass of gas heated at constant volume: Initial Pressure = P1 Initial Temperature = T1 Final Pressure = P2 Final Temperature = T2
Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws Consider a fixed mass of gas heated at constant volume: Initial Pressure = P1 Initial Temperature = T1 Final Pressure = P2 Final Temperature = T2
The Pressure Law tells us:

P1/ T1 = P2/ T2
Numerical Example
2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 127oC and 105 Pa is heated at constant volume until its Pressure has increased to 106Pa. What is its new temperature?
Numerical Example
2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 127oC and 105 Pa is heated at constant volume until its Pressure has increased to 106Pa. Initial is its = P1 105 Pa WhatPressurenew=temperature?
Initial Temperature = T1 = 127oC
Numerical Example
2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 127oC and 105 Pa is heated at constant volume until its Pressure has increased to 106Pa. Initial is its = P1 105 Pa Final WhatPressurenew=temperature? Pressure = P2 = 106Pa
Initial Temperature = T1 = 127oC Final Temperature = T2 = ?
Numerical Example
Initial Temperature = T1 = 127oC Using Pressure Law: P1 = P2 T1 T2 Final Temperature = T2 = ?
Numerical Example
Initial Temperature = T1 = 127oC Using Pressure Law: P1 = P2 T1 T2 Therefore T2 = P2 x T1 P1 Final Temperature = T2 = ?
Numerical Example
Initial Temperature = T1 = 127oC Final Temperature = T2 = ? Using Pressure Law: P1 = P2 T1 T2 Therefore T2 = P2 x T1 =106 x (127+273) = 4000K P1 105 = (4000-273) oC = 3727oC
The Ideal Gas Equation
The three gas laws give the following results:
The three gas laws give the following results: P x V = a constant (T is constant)
The three gas laws give the following results: P x V = a constant (T is constant) V/T = a constant (P is constant)
The three gas laws give the following results: P x V = a constant (T is constant) V/T = a constant (P is constant) P/T = a constant (V is constant)
The three gas laws give the following results: P x V = a constant (T is constant) V/T = a constant (P is constant) P/T = a constant (V is constant) Combining all three gas laws: P x V = a constant T
Which is known as the Ideal Gas Equation
Example
Consider a fixed mass of gas heated such that its volume and pressure changes:
Initial volume = V1 Initial Pressure = P1 Initial temperature = T1
Example
Final volume = V2 Final Pressure = P2 Final temperature = T2
Example
Final volume = V2 Final Pressure = P2 Final temperature = T2
The Ideal Gas Equation tells us: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 T1 T2
Numerical Example
Consider 2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 2 x 105 Pa and 27oC. What will be its volume if it is heated to 327oC at 4 x 105Pa?
Numerical Example
Consider 2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 2 x 105 Pa and 27oC. What will be its volume if it is heated to 327oC at 4 x 105Pa? The Ideal Gas Equation tells us: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 T1 T2
Numerical Example
Consider 2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 2 x 105 Pa and 27oC. What will be its volume if it is heated to 327oC at 4 x 105Pa? The Ideal Gas Equation tells us: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 T1 T2 Therefore: V2 = P1 x V1 x T2 = T1 P2
Numerical Example
Consider 2m3 of a fixed mass of gas at 2 x 105 Pa and 27oC. What will be its volume if it is heated to 327oC at 4 x 105Pa? The Ideal Gas Equation tells us: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 T1 T2 Therefore: V2 = P1 x V1 x T2 = 2 x 105 x 2 x (327 + 273) T1 P2 (27 + 273) 4 x 105 = 2m3

Kinetic Theory and The Gas Laws

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Kinetic Theory and The Gas Laws

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Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws