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Educational Statistics
Lesson 1:
Population
Is the set of all possible data values for a subject under consideration
Sample
Is a set of data values drawn from the much larger population
2. Inferential Statistics
Involves making predictions or decisions about an entire population based on the results from the data in an appropriately chosen sample drawn from that population
Collection of Data:
Organize the ff. data: Heights of students in a statistics class, measured in inches: 68 62 60 66 74 62 63 64 70 65 65 64 67 66 71 69 66 65 66 68 63 67 61 65 69 66 67 72 64 71 72 62 63 68 61 64
Score
Score generally call for data Range = Highest Score Lowest Score
Lesson 2:
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
The number of times some occurred in the data
67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74
Lesson 3:
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
Class Limits 72 74 Frequency 3
69 71
66 68 63 65 60 62 C=3
5
11 11 6 n = 36
Class Width
Class Width = Range No. of Classes Range = Highest Score Lowest Score Range = 74 60 Range = 14 Class Width = 14 5 Class Width = 2.8 Class Width 3
71.5 74.5
68.5 71.5 65.5 68.5 62.5 65.5 59.5 62.5
3
5 11 11 6
c=3
n = 36
Relative Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
Class Limits 72 74 Frequency 3 Less than Cumulative Frequency
69 71
66 68 63 65 60 62 c=3
5
11 11 6 n = 36
Lesson 4:
Mean = ( x) n
A. If the number of measurements n is an odd number, the median is the middle value B. If the number of measurements n is an even number, the median is the average of the two middle scores
3. 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6
4. 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Conditions of Modes
1. Unimodal a set of data has only one mode 2. Bimodal a set of data has exactly two modes 3. Trimodal a set of data has exactly three modes 4. Multimodal a set of data has four or more modes 5. No mode a set of data has no mode
Lesson 5:
Midrange
Midrange
Midrange
Is the average of the largest value & lowest value in the given set of data
Which of the values of the central tendencies will be beneficial to the ff. group of people?
1. The school board to demonstrate to parents that small sizes are maintained. 2. The school board members to demonstrate fiscal responsibility 3. The teachers union to argue that class sizes are too large
Class Mark
Class Mark
The average of the upper limit and the lower limit of each class
69 71
66 68 63 65 60 62 c=3
5
10 12 6 n = 36 fCM =
Lesson 6:
Quantile
Quantile
Quantile
Refers to the value that divides the data into equal proportions
Percentile
The kth percentile for a set of data in numerical order is that value x having the property that k percent of the data entries lie at or below x. Pk = represents the kth percentile P90 = the 90th percentile of a data set is the value of x that 90% of the data fall at or below x
Find:
1. P75 2. P20 3. P27 4. P50
Decile
Decile
Divides the data set into 10 equal parts
D1 = the first decile locates the bottom 10% of the data and is equivaletn to the 10th percentile
Quartile
Quartile
Divides the data set into 4 equal parts
Q1 first quartile locates the bottom 25% of the data Q2 second quartile locates the bottom 50% Q3 third quartile locates the bottom 75%
Lesson 7:
Lesson 8:
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Dispersion
1. Mean Deviation 2. Sample Variance 3. Standard Deviation
Mean Deviation
MD = ( |xi Mean|) n
xi 2 3 5 7 8 n=5
Xi Mean
|xi Mean|
|xi Mean| =
Sample Variance
2 s
= * |xi
2] Mean|
(n-1)
Standard Deviation
s =* |xi
2] Mean|
(n-1)
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation has meaning only when comparing two or more data sets having the same units of measure and approximately the same mean.
Lesson 9:
Coefficient of Variation
Coefficient of Variation
V = (s x) x 100%
Since V is a measure of relative variation expressed as a percent, the coefficient of variation can be used to compare the variability of two or more sets of data even when the observations are expressed in different units of measurement.
Lesson 10:
Probability
Probability
Factorial (denoted by !) the product of all integers from 1 to the given integer. Ex. 9! = 987654321 Sample Space a set whose elements represent all possible outcomes of an experiment Sample Point an element of a sample space
Probability
Event a subset of a sample space
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
In tossing two coins, E1 = {at most 2 heads} In tossing a dice, E1 = {an even number} In tossing 2 dice, E1 = {sum of 7} In tossing 2 dice, E1 = {sum of at most 5} In tossing 2 dice, E1 = {4 occurs on either die} In tossing 2 dice, E1 = {a 3 comes up on the black die
Lesson 11:
Lesson 12:
Permutation
Permutation
A permutation in a set of object is any arrangement of the objects in a definite pattern (Order is Important). I. The number of permutations of n distinct objects is n! II. The number of distinct permutations of n objects taken r at a time is: nPr = n! (n-r)!
Permutation
1. How many distinct arrangements are there for a, b, and c? 2. How many distinct arrangements are there for a photograph of 6 students? 3. In how many specific arrangements can we place 8 books in a shelf, taken 4 at a time? 4. In how many ways can we choose a President, V.P., Secretary, Treasurer, and P.R.O. from 10 students?
Permutation
III. The number of distinct permutations of a set of n objects of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike, and so on, is given by: n! n1 n2
Permutation
1. How many distinct ways can be made from the word LOBO? 2. How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow, and 7 blue bulbs be arranged in a string of Christmas tree lights with 14 sockets?
Permutation
IV. Circular Permutations if the objects are in cyclic form: (n-1)!
Permutation
1. Find the number of different ways 4 people can be seated at a round table? 2. There are 8 students, 4 boys & 4 girls. How many distinct photographs can you take:
1. With all of them in a row? 2. Two friends insist to always be together? 3. Boys are grouped together and girls are grouped together? 4. Boys and girls are alternate? 5. Three friends insist to always be together? 6. Two do not want to be together?
Lesson 13:
Combination
Combination
A Combination is any collection of a group of objects without regard to order. nCr = n! *r! (n-r)!]
Combination
1. From A, B, & C, how many combinations can you make of two letters? 2. Out of 30 flower pits, how many groups of 5 pots can you make to place for display? 3. In a box, there are 5 blue balls, 4 red ones, and 3 yellow ones. How many ways can you draw
1. 5 balls? 2. 5 balls, where 2 of them are red? 3. 5 balls, where 2 are blue and 1 is yellow?
A Deck of Cards
A Deck of Cards consists of: 1. 52 cards, disregarding the Joker; 2. 4 suits (Hearts, Diamonds, Cloves, Spades); 3. Each suit has an Ace, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5......10, Jack, Queen, and King; 4. Red Cards (Diamond / Hearts); 5. Black Cards (Cloves / Spades); and 6. Face Cards (Jack, Queen, and King)
Combination
In a deck of cards, how many ways can you draw:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 cards? 5 face cards? 5 red cards? 5 red cards, where 2 of them are face cards? 8 black cards where 2 are aces and 3 are face cards?
Lesson 14:
Probability (Continuation)
Probability
Probability is the chance of occurrence of an event P(E) = n(E) n(S) where: n(E) = no. of elements in the event. n(S) = no. of elements in the sample space.
Probability
1. In tossing a coin, what is the probability of a head? 2. In tossing two coins, what is the probability of at least 1 head? 3. In tossing a dice, what is the probability of an even number? 4. In tossing 2 dice, what is the probability of the sum of 7?
Probability
In drawing 5 cards from a deck of cards, what is a probability of:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 Red cards? 3 red and 2 blue? 5 black face cards? 4 aces? 2 Jacks, 2 Queens, and a King?
Probability
In a bowl, there are 3 red balls, 4 yellow balls, and 3 white balls. In drawing 4 balls, what is the probability of:
1. 2. 3. 4. 4 yellow balls? 3 red balls? 2 red and 2 white? 1 red and 2 yellow?
Probability
In a poker hand consisting of 5 cards, find the probability of holding:
1. 2 aces and 3 jacks? 2. 3 aces? 3. 4 hearts and 1 club?
Lesson 15:
Rules in Probability, Complementary Events, Mutually Exclusive Events, and Independent Events
Rules in Probability
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. P(certainty) = 1 P(impossibility) = 0 0 P(event) 1 Sum of Probabilities = 1 P(not A) = 1 P(A)
Complementary Events
P(A) + P(not A) = 1
Complementary Events
1. If the probability that Ms. Johnsons Cat has diarrhea is , what is the probability that her car doesnt have diarrhea? 2. If the probability that it will rain tomorrow is , what is the probability that it will not rain tomorrow?
Independent Events
Independent Events are two events where the outcome of one has no bearing on that of the other. Ex. Two coin flips are independent events because the result of the first has no bearing on the result of the second
Independent Events
1. In 2 flips, what is the probability of getting 2 Heads? 2. The spinner is equally likely to wind up in any of 3 regions. If the spinner is spun three times, find the probability of:
1. 3 even numbers 2. Spinning exactly 1 odd number.
Independent Events
4. Suppose that we have a fuse box containing 20 fuses of which 5 are defective. If 2 fuses are selected at random and moved from the box in succession without replacing the first, what is the probability that both fuses are defective?
Lesson 16:
Binomial Distribution
Binomial Distribution
Let p = probability of a success Let q = 1 p or the probability of a failure The probability of exactly r successes in any order in n trial is:
(nCr)(pr)(qn-r)
Binomial Distribution
1. A fair die is rolled 5 times. Find the probability of rolling exactly two 6s 2. The spinner is equally likely to wind up in any of the 3 regions. If the spinner is spun 3 times, find the probability of spinning:
1. 3 even numbers 2. Spinning exactly one odd number
3. The probability that a patient recovers from a rare blood pressure is 0.4. if 15 people are known to have contracted this disease, what is the probability that exactly 4 survive?
Lesson 17:
Normal Distribution
Normal Curve
Normal Distribution
1. Given a normal distribution with Mean = 50 and = 10,
1. x assumes a value less than 45 2. x assumes a value greater than 62 3. x assumes a value between 45 and 62
2. Given a normal distribution w/ Mean = 300 and = 50, find the probability that x assumes a value greater than 362
Normal Distribution
3. Given a normal distribution w/ Mean = 40 and = 6, find the value x that has:
38% of the area below it. 5% of the area above it.
Lesson 18:
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical Hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations. Rejection of Hypothesis is to conclude that it is false. Acceptance of a Hypothesis implies that we have no evidence to believe otherwise
Hypothesis Testing
Statistician or Experimenter often start as his hypothesis that which he hopes to reject. Null Hypothesis is a hypothesis that is formulated with hope that they be rejected. This is the hypothesis we wish to test and is denoted by H0 Alternative Hypothesis is the hypothesis that is to be accepted when the Null Hypothesis should be rejected, and is denoted by H1
Hypothesis Testing
Type I Error rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true Type II Error acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false
Hypothesis Testing
One Tailed Test
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative is one sided.
Lesson 19:
Worship Regularly
Worship Infrequently
182
154
213
138
203
110
598
402
Total
336
351
313
1000
Evening
55 890
Night
70 870
Use a 0.025 level of significance to determine if the proportion of defectives is the same for all three shifts.