FORENSIC NEURO-PSYCOPHYSILOGICAL INTERVIEW FOR DETECTION OF DECEPTION

How to catch a liar ?

Drawbacks in Poor detection of deception

Lack of Motivation Some lies remain undetected because

observers do not want to detect these lies.

Poor Knowledge People to detect lies, the often fail to do so,

because they often look at the wrong clues to detect a liar.

Good Liars some people are better liars, it is difficult to catch

that person. They are (I) being original (ii) think quickly (iii) being eloquent (iv) not experiencing feeling of fear

Ways of catching a liar

Psychological Physiological Neurological

Psychological
Interview Non-Verbal detection Statement Assessment Hypnosis

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Conscious Actions Reasoning Voluntary Motions

Instinctive Acts Involuntary Component of voluntary activity

 Reading people
Emotion, Personality, Character, Motivation, Deception

Interview

Communication Modes
Words, Paralanguage, Non-verbal cues, Artifacts, Use of time, Use of space, Physiological responses

Warning Signs
Attempts to hide information ,Attempts to delay, Attempts to distract, Unusual behavioral cues, Statements that dont make sense, Attempts to sell, Motivations to lie

Impression Management attempts

Ingratiation, Self-promotion, Intimidation, Exemplification, Supplication

Non-Verbal detection
Voice pitch is higher increased grooming gestures frequent swallowing fast or shallow breathing increased rate of eye blinks increased body movements and postural shifts pupil dilation rigid posture Stiff and rigid posture Increases in microexpressions Closed rather than open body posture

Statement Assessment
False statements have
Few details An unusually large number of details

True statements have

Many details Unusual details related to the event Superfluous details unrelated to the event

What is hypnosis
Hypnosis comes from the Greek hypnosis It means sleep But it is not sleep or waking Normal waking transition hypnosis transition normal waking state

Applications of Hypnosis
Stage hypnosis - entertainment Clinical Hypnosis - clinical Behavioural hypnosis
Biological hypnosis

Forensic hypnosis - Testimony

Requirement of hypnosis
Freedom from fear Willingness Confidence in the hypnotist Motivation + expectation +imagination = Hypnosis

Laws of Suggestibility
The law of concentrated attention
(more we concentrate on something, the more likely something will happen. ex-advertisement in TV)

The law of reversed effect

(harder you try to do something the more likely you will not able to do it . ex - recall of name)

The law of Dominant effect

( The strong emotion will take the place of weaker one. exsmell of burning)

Forensic Hypnosis
Natural hypnosis Artificial hypnosis
Narco analysis Truth serum technique Memory recovering technique

General Procedure
Sodium amytal or sodium pentothal Inject slowly 5% to 10% solution Establish the semi narcotic state Question the subject Additional amount can be introduce if required. Under the observation of anesthetist, physician, Psychologist, and investigation officer

Forensic hypnosis session

Begin audio-video taping of session when subject enters room initial greeting and meeting for the hypnotist and subject Pre-session interview Personal information Explanation of hypnosis Memory of incident before hypnosis Induction (relaxing of the subject) Memory of incident under hypnosis-Clarification of details End of hypnosis session Bring subject out of hypnosis Review of memory of incident after hypnosis Debriefing of subject Answer questions about hypnosis or what subject experienced Stop audio/video taping of session when subject leaves.

Physiological
Voice Stress Analyzer Polygraph Thermal imaging

Background
All physiological changes are controlled by Autonomic nervous system (i) Sympathetic and (ii) Parasympathetic Most of the living organisms have a tendency of fight-or-flight when they encounter danger. Due to this, there are some changes that occur in the physiological level. When the brain is stressed the human body secretes hormone adrenaline, or epinephrine. These hormones stimulate the circulatory system and the sympathetic nervous system to divert blood from other organs to muscles.

REACTION TO STIMULI
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
F L I G H T

F I G H T

S T A Y

Background Contd
The breathing rate and the blood flow rate increases so that the muscles can get more oxygen. Deception is the emotion that produces above physiological changes in humans. The blood flow in the eyes and ears increases. Parasympathetic system re-establishes the chemical balance of the body with-in a few seconds

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Rest
Blood vessel dilation Peristalic Action Achieve relaxation Pupils are reactive Heart relaxation

Activity
Vessel constriction Peristalic absence Pupils dilate Heart acceleration Hiperventilation

Peaceful Environment

Present Threat

Voice Stress Analyzer Definition

An instrument that measures and registers in a graph (screen and print) involuntary physiological answers in a person challenged by psychological stimuli (For example, a question. )
It measures the micro oscillation or microtremor that is

present in the smooth muscle in the voice box that contracts, causing the vocal chords to emit between 8 - 14 Hertz which is related to the level of stress that the person experiences.

PRINCIPLES
It is more difficult to lie than to say the truth
Anxiety and guilty knowledge from lying produce known physiological changes (MICRO-TREMOR) The JEOPARDY effect: Fear of losing what has been achieved with great difficulty or, the contrary, negative, punishing action of the law or community.

Computerized Polygraph

Polygraph
The respiratory system : it will record thoracic breathing and abdominal breathing through convoluted rubber tubes. Galvanic Skin response : Two small sensors are connected to the fingers to record the filling up of sweat glands. The Cardiac system : it will simultaneously record blood volume and pulse rate.

Polygraph Chart

thoracic abdominal GSR Cardiac: blood vol. & pulse

Question type
Irrelevant Questions: essentially questions which will give the examiner a truthful answer. Ex:- Is you name Rohan ?. Ans. should be Yes. Control Questions: Questions on which all subjects will be potentially untruthful. Ex:- Before this year, did you ever lie to someone who trusted you ?Ans. should be No. Relevant Questions: Questions for which the examiner wants a result. Ex:- Did you steal that car ?(primary involvement), Did you help any body to steal that car? ( secondary involvement), Do you know who stole that car?(guilty knowledge), Do you know where that car is now?(evidence connecting). Ans. should be No

Test methods
MGQT(Modified General Question Technique): to identify level of involvement ( primary involvement, secondary involvement, Guilty Knowledge & connecting evidence)and to cover total crime ZCT (Zone comparison Technique): It is used to compare the level of involvements Ranking : It is used to know other people`s involvement or importance.

Preparation of Examinee
Examinee should take full rest before the examination day Examinee`s consent should be taken before coming for examination Normal food should be consumed by the examinee Examinee should not be under the influence of any drug or intoxication on examination day Subject should be physically fit for test

Rights of examinee
Allowed to bring his/her own lawyer No one allowed to be present in interview room or test room. They can see from one side glass He/she can bring his person to write consent of the subject, if illiterate. He/she authorized to know about the polygraph instrument before the test

Requisition for test

Case forwarded to the Director,CFSL, Chandigarh-not below the rank of SP/ Magistrate Brief facts of the case/copy of FIR Sketch or photographs of SOC Postmortem/medical report Copy of the statement of complaint Copy of panchanama Mechanical and chemical report, if any Statement of Witnesses Statement of suspects Fitness report in case of a patient Consent before a magistrate

Thermal Imaging
Facial image acquired by accurate midinfrared camera Transform the thermal data to blood flow rate data Classifies the subject deceptive or nondeceptive.

Neurological
Study of brain electrical activity(brain finger print) Brain mapping

HUMAN EXPERIENCE

A REFERENCE TO THE PAST SENSATION

PERCEPTION
ACTIONS - RESPONSES

EMOTIONS

Millions of arrays of signals pouring in continuously

EXPERIENCE

Participation Voluntary / Forced Being there Sharing Personal Involvement Personal Knowledge Emoting directly

Experience is the primary source of Information

Experiential Knowledge - Experience leads to Primary Encoding in the Brain.
Conceptual Knowledge - Information that we receive through hearsay and other sources (e.g. reading) leaves only Secondary Encoding in the Brain.

PRIMARY ENCODING
1. It takes place only during Experience

2. It is a Neuropsychological Event

Primary Encoding may be qualified to be called a

BRAIN FINGERPRINT
of the Experience.

A Brain Fingerprinting Procedure uses

Visual priming pictures relevant to crime Pictures as stimulus

Words relevant to the crime

Suspects would have come to know of several facts of an event either through their participation or through other persons.

Relevant information is also shared by many who may be connected with the event, or who have merely come to know of it because it has happened in their proximity.
Neutral words Randomly selected and not connected to the crime under investigation.

Brain Fingerprinting may become a Technique to retrieve

Evidence
Directly from the Suspects Brain

Brain Mapping
Glucose activity increases in brain areas being used Activity is detected by fRMI scan
Red & yellow = very active Blue = less active

Different tasks produce different brain activity

CONCLUSION
Detection Lies is not an easy task, that does not mean that detecting lies is impossible There is no technique superior or inferior. All the techniques will be used for detection of deception accordingly as per expert ability and suspects behavior.