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Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Overview of Basic Pollutants Ozone Particulate Matter Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides

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Photochemical Smog
Air pollution formed by sunlight catalyzing chemical reactions of emitted compounds Los Angeles, California Early pollution due to London-type smog.
1905-1912, L.A. City Council adopts regulation controlling smoke

Early 1900s, automobile use increases.

1939-1943 visibility decreases significantly.

Plume of pollution engulfs downtown (26 July 1943).

1943: L.A. County Board of Supervisors bans emission of dense smoke and creates office called Director of Air Pollution Control

1945. L.A. Health Officer suggests pollution due to locomotives, diesel trucks, backyard incinerators, lumber mills, dumps, cars. 1946. L.A. Times hires air pollution expert to find methods to ameliorate pollution.
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Los Angeles, California (December 3, 1909)

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D. C.

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Discovery of Ozone in Smog

1948: Arie Haagen-Smit (1900-1977), biochemistry professor at Caltech, begins to study plants damaged by smog. 1950: Finds that plants sealed in a chamber and exposed to ozone exhibit similar damage as did plants in smog Also finds that ozone caused eye irritation, damage to materials, respiratory problems. Other researchers find that rubber cracks within minutes when exposed to high ozone. 1952: Haagen-Smit finds that ozone forms when oxides of nitrogen and reactive organic gases are exposed to sunlight. Postulates that ozone and precursors are main constituents of L.A. smog. Oil companies and business leaders argue that ozone in L.A. originates from stratosphere. Measurements of low ozone over Catalina Island disprove this.
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Basic Pollutants (1 of 3)
Categories of pollutants

Primary emitted directly from a source Secondary formed in the atmosphere from a reaction of primary pollutants Precursors primary pollutants (gases) that participate in the formation of secondary pollutants Combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter Evaporation of petroleum products or compounds used in commercial products, services, and manufacturing Natural production of smoke from fires, dust from strong winds, and emissions from the biosphere and geosphere
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 6

Pollutants originate from

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Basic Pollutants (2 of 3)
Pollutant Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Dioxide Ozone Nitrogen Dioxide Hydrocarbon Compounds (also called VOCs volatile organic compounds ) Particulate Matter Abbreviation CO SO2 O3 NO2 HC PM
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 7

Type Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Primary & Secondary Primary & Secondary

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Basic Pollutants (3 of 3)

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Basic Pollutants Toxics (1 of 2)

Air toxics (hazardous air pollutants) are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects. EPAs 188 hazardous air pollutants include
Benzene (motor fuel, oil refineries, chemical processes) Perchlorethylene (dry cleaning, degreasing) Chloroform (solvent in adhesive and pesticides, by-product of chlorination processes) BTEX, Dioxins, PAHs, Metals (Hg, Cr) Area/ Mobile
Other 25% (nonroad) 20%

National air toxics emissions sources in 1996 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998

Point 24%

Mobile (onroad) 31%

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Basic Pollutants Toxics (2 of 2)

Differences between toxics and criteria pollutants
Health criteria are different
No AQI-like standards for toxics Cancer/non-cancer benchmarks (long-term exposures) Short-term exposure limits for some

A challenge to monitor Usually not available in real-time Example: Dioxin requires 28 days of sampling to acquire measurable amounts in ambient air Often localized near source
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Basic Pollutants Sources (1 of 4)

Combustion Evaporation Natural Production

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Basic Pollutants Sources (2 of 4)

Combustion Complete combustion Fuel water and carbon dioxide (CO2) Incomplete combustion Fuel water, CO2, and other pollutants Pollutants are both gases and particles

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Basic Pollutants Sources (3 of 4)

Evaporation
Thousands of chemical compounds Liquids evaporating or gases being released Some harmful by themselves, some react to produce other pollutants Many items you can smell are evaporative pollutants
Gasoline benzene (sweet odor, toxic, carcinogenic) Bleach chlorine (toxic, greenhouse gas) Trees pinenes, limonene (ozone- and particulate matter forming) Paint volatile organic compounds (ozone- and particulate matter forming) Baking bread, fermenting wine and beer VOCs and ethanol (ozoneforming)

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Basic Pollutants Sources (4 of 4)

Natural Production
Fires (combustion) produce gases and particles Winds pick up dust, dirt, sand and create particles of various sizes Biosphere emits gases from trees, plants, soil, ocean, animals, microbes Volcanoes and oil seeps produce particles and gases
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Ozone
Colorless gas Composed of three oxygen atoms
Oxygen molecule (O2)needed to sustain life Ozone (O3) the extra oxygen atom makes ozone very reactive

Secondary pollutant that forms from precursor gases

Nitric oxide combustion product Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evaporative and combustion products

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Solar radiation and chemistry

The reaction that produces ozone in the atmosphere: O + O2 + M O3 + M Difference between stratospheric and tropospheric ozone generation is in the source of atomic O For solar radiation with a wavelength of less than 242 nm: O2 + hv O + O

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Solar radiation and chemistry

Photochemical production of O3 in troposphere tied to NOx (NO + NO2) For wavelengths less than 424 nm: NO2 + hv NO + O But NO will react with O3 NO + O3 NO2

Cycling has no net effect on ozone

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Tropospheric Ozone Photolysis

Troposphere ozone photolysis takes place in a narrow UV window (300-320 nm), NO2 broadly below 428

30o equinox midday Solar spectrum

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Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen oxides, or NOx, is the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases, all of which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Nitrogen dioxide is most visually prominent (it is the yellowbrown color in smog) The primary man-made sources of NOx are motor vehicles; electric utilities; and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels Affects the respiratory system Involved in other pollutant chemistry
One of the main ingredients in the formation of ground-level ozone Reacts to form nitrate particles, acid aerosols, and NO2, which also cause respiratory problems Contributes to the formation of acid rain (deposition)
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Must make NO2

To make significant amounts of ozone must have a way to make NO2 without consuming ozone Presence of peroxy radicals, from the oxidation of hydrocarbons, disturbs O3-NO-NO2 cycle
NO + HO2 NO2 + OH NO + RO2 NO2 + RO

leads to net production of ozone

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The Hydroxyl Radical

produced from ozone photolysis for radiation with wavelengths less than 320 nm:
O3 + hv O(1D) + O2 followed by
O(1D) + M O(3P) + M (+O2O3) O(1D) + H2O 2 OH (~90%) (~10%)

OH initiates the atmospheric oxidation of a wide range of compounds in the atmosphere referred to as detergent of the atmosphere typical concentrations near the surface ~106 - 107cm-3 very reactive, effectively recycled
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THE OH RADICAL: MAIN TROPOSPHERIC OXIDANT

Primary source:
O3 + hn O2 + O(1D) O(1D) + M O + M O(1D) + H2O 2OH (1) (2) (3)

Sink: oxidation of reduced species leads to HO2(RO2) production

CO + OH CO2 + H CH4 + OH CH3 + H2O HCFC + OH Major OH sinks

Global Mean [OH] = 1.0x106 molecules cm-3

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Oxidation of CO - production of ozone

CO + OH CO2 + H H + O2 + M HO2 + M NO + HO2 NO2 + OH NO2 + hv NO + O O + O 2 + M O3 CO + 2 O2 + hv CO2 + O3

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Carbon Monoxide
Odorless, colorless gas Caused by incomplete combustion of fuel Most of it comes from motor vehicles Reduces the transport of oxygen through the bloodstream Affects mental functions and visual acuity, even at low levels

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What breaks the cycle?

Cycle terminated by
OH + NO2 HNO3 HO2 + HO2 H2O2

Both HNO3 and H2O2 will photolyze or react with OH to, in effect, reverse these pathways but reactions are slow (lifetime of several days) both are very soluble - though H2O2 less-so
washout by precipitation dry deposition

in PBL they are effectively a loss situation is more complicated in the upper troposphere
no dry deposition, limited wet removal
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Ozone Chemistry
Summary of ozone chemistry
Meteorology

NO2 + Sunlight NO + O Production O+ O2 O3 NO + O3 NO2 + O2 VOC + OH RO2 + H2O RO2 + NO NO2 + RO Production
Emissions Chemistry

Destruction Production of NO2 without the Destruction of O3

RO=Reactive Organic compound such as VOC

Key processes
Weak horizontal dispersion Weak vertical mixing

Ample sunlight (ultraviolet) High concentrations of precursors (VOC, NO, NO2)

Warm air
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Day and Night Chemistry

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Ozone Precursor Emissions (1 of 2)

Man-made sources
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) through combustion VOCs through combustion and numerous other sources

Meteorology

Emissions

Chemistry

Natural sources (biogenic)

VOCs from trees/vegetation NOx from soils (Midwest fertilizer)

Concentration depends on
Source location, density, and strength Meteorology
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NOx EMISSIONS (Tg N yr-1) TO TROPOSPHERE

Stratosphere 0.2 Lightning 5.8 Fossil Fuel 23.1

Soils 5.1

Biomass Burning 5.2

Biofuel 2.2 Aircraft 0.5

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 29

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An example of gridded NOx emissions

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Mapping of Tropospheric NO2

From the GOME satellite instrument (July 1996)

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GOME Can Provide Info on Daily Info

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Lightning Flashes Seen from Space

DJF

JJA

2000 data
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 33

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Global Budget of CO

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Satellite Observations of Biomass Fires (1997)

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Daily Los Angeles Emission (1987)

Gas
Carbon monoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous acid Total NOx+HONO Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Total SOx Alkanes Alkenes Aldehydes Ketones Alcohols Aromatics Hemiterpenes Total ROGs Methane Total emission

Emission (tons/day)
9796 754 129 6.5 889.5 109 4.5 113.5 1399 313 108 29 33 500 47 2429 904 14,132
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Percent of total
69.3

6.3

0.8

27.2 6.4 100

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Percent Emission by Source-LA

Source Category Stationary Mobile Total CO(g) 2 98 100 NOx(g) 24 76 100 SOx(g) 38 62 100 ROG 50 50 100

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Table 4.2
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Most Important Gases in Smog in Terms of Ozone Reactivity and Abundance

1. m- and p-Xylene 2. Ethene 3. Acetaldehyde 4. Toluene 5. Formaldehyde 6. i-Pentane 7. Propene 8. o-Xylene 9. Butane 10. Methylcyclopentane
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Table 4.4
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Lifetimes of ROGs Against Chemical Loss in Urban Air

Phot. ------7h 23 d ------OH 22 h 52 m 3d 6h 9.6 d 19 h 9h 34 m HO2 O 1000 y 18 y 4y 6.3 d --2.5 y 1.8 h 2.5 y ----------6y --4d NO3 29 d 4m --2d ----33 d 5m O3 650 y 17 m 200 d 3200 y ----200 d 4.6 h

ROG Species n-Butane trans-2-butene Acetylene Formaldehyde Acetone Ethanol Toluene Isoprene

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 39

Table 4.3

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Summary

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 40

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Ozone Meteorology Key Processes

Dispersion (horizontal mixing) Vertical mixing Sunlight Transport Weather pattern Geography Diurnal Season

Meteorology

Emissions

Chemistry

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Ozone Precursor Emissions (2 of 2)

Wind speed (WS) S Concentration S/WS

Vertical mixing (VM) Concentration S/VM

Key processes Source location, density, and strength Dispersion (horizontal mixing) - wind speed Vertical mixing - inversion
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Courtesy of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

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Daily Variation

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 43

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Volume mixing ratio (ppmv)

V olum e m ixing ratio (ppm v)

Source/Receptor Regions in Los Angeles

. . .
Urban center

Volume mixing ratio (ppmv)

. . .

Sub-urban

C e n tr a l L o s A n g e le s A u g u s t , NO N O O

S a n B e r n a r d in o A u g u s t , NO

NO H our of day

H our of day

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Figure 4.10
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Ozone Isopleth Plot

.
. = O (g), ppmv

(g) (ppmv)

NOx (ppmv) x

0.08

. .

0.16

NO

0.24

. ROG (ppmC)

0.32

Contours are ozone (ppmv) Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution Section 7

Figure 4.9
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THIS OZONE BACKGROUND IS A SIZABLE INCREMENT TOWARDS VIOLATION OF U.S. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (even more so in Europe!)
Europe ( avg.) -h Europe (seasonal) U.S. ( avg.) -h U.S. ( avg.) -h

preindustrial

ppbv

present background

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Slide courtesy of D. Jacob

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EU/USA
SURFACE O ZO N E ENH AN CEM ENTS C AU SED BY A N T H R O P O G E N IC E M IIS S I O N S F R O M D IF F E R E N T C O N T IN E N T S S
G E O SC H E M m o d e l, J u ly

N o rth A m e ric a

E u ro p e

A s ia

L i e t a l. ] [
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 47

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Particulate Matter (1 of 3)

Complex mixture of solid and liquid particles Composed of many different compounds Both a primary and secondary pollutant Sizes vary tremendously Forms in many ways Clean-air levels are < 5 g/m3 * Background concentrations can be higher due to dust and smoke Concentrations range from 0 to 500+ g/m3 * Health concerns

Ultra-fine fly-ash or carbon soot

Can aggravate heart diseases Associated with cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks Can aggravate lung diseases such as asthma and bronchitis Can increase susceptibility to respiratory infection 24-hour average
*

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Particulate Matter (2 of 3)
Particles come in different shapes and sizes Particle sizes Ultra-fine particles (<0.1 m) Fine particles (0.1 to 2.5 m) Coarse particles (2.5 to 10 m)

PM10

Crustal material

Carbon chain agglomerates

50

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

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Particulate Matter (3 of 3)

A clear (left) and dirty (right) PM filter

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Particulate Matter Composition (1 of 3)

PM is composed of a mixture of primary and secondary compounds.

Primary PM (directly emitted)

Suspended dust Sea salt Organic carbon Elemental carbon Metals from combustion Small amounts of sulfate and nitrate

Secondary PM (precursor gases that form PM in the atmosphere)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2): forms sulfates Nitrogen oxides (NOx): forms nitrates Ammonia (NH3): forms ammonium compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): form organic carbon compounds

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Particulate Matter Composition (3 of 3)

Most PM mass in urban and nonurban areas is composed of a combination of the following chemical components
Geological Material suspended dust consists mainly of oxides of Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, and other metal oxides Ammonium ammonium bisulfate, sulfate, and nitrate are most common Sulfate results from conversion of SO2 gas to sulfate-containing particles Nitrate results from a reversible gas/particle equilibrium between ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3), and particulate ammonium nitrate NaCl salt is found in PM near sea coasts and after de-icing materials are applied Organic Carbon (OC) consists of hundreds of separate compounds containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Elemental Carbon (EC) composed of carbon without much hydrocarbon or oxygen. EC is black, often called soot. Liquid Water soluble nitrates, sulfates, ammonium, sodium, other inorganic ions, and some organic material absorb water vapor from the atmosphere
Chow and Watson (1997) 53

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

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PM Emissions Sources (1 of 4)
Point generally a major facility emitting pollutants from identifiable sources (pipe or smoke stack). Facilities are typically permitted.

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PM Emissions Sources (2 of 4)
Area any low-level source of air pollution released over a diffuse area (not a point) such as consumer products, architectural coatings, waste treatment facilities, animal feeding operations, construction, open burning, residential wood burning, swimming pools, and charbroilers

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Mobile

PM Emissions Sources (3 of 4)

On-road is any moving source of air pollution such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, and buses Non-road sources include pollutants emitted by combustion engines on farm and construction equipment, locomotives, commercial marine vessels, recreational watercraft, airplanes, snow mobiles, agricultural equipment, and lawn and garden equipment

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PM Emissions Sources (4 of 4)
Natural biogenic and geogenic emissions from wildfires, wind blown dust, plants, trees, grasses, volcanoes, geysers, seeps, soil, and lightning

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COMPOSITION OF PM2.5 IS HIGHLY VARIABLE (NARSTO PM ASSESSMENT)

Sf t ua l e E hr( - se t ) E e ( - gr bt ) u m - g . u m - . g A of r ( bt o bs d - )
-

Na it t re Tr n ( - o t oo ) . u m - g Ami m mo u n Bc cr o lak a n b Oai cr o r n a n g c b Sl o i Oe t r h S A r w( - ) t n es . d u m - g .

u m . g

F so r n ( - e ) m - u . g

Q krC O( ) u e it H a y u m - g .

K n i lf Rue e W ie e g ( - ) r ld f m - u . g

A ns il P ( ) r dt le A e v . u m - g

Ls ne s o Agl ( e

- ) m - u . g

M ic C e o iy x t Nzha oo ( ) e aul yt t c l u m - g .

Wh g n C a i t D( sno

- ) u m - g .

Co d Pt a ( - ) o r o l eu l a a u m - . g

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

M i o iy P r gl ( ) e c C - e ea x t d u m - g .

r l Y kil ( ) ove u m - g .

A n ( ) tat l a u m - g .

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ORIGIN OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL Aerosol: dispersed condensed matter suspended in a gas Size range: 0.001 m (molecular cluster) to 100 m (small raindrop)

Soil dust Sea salt

Environmental importance: health (respiration), visibility, radiative balance, cloud formation, heterogeneous reactions, delivery of nutrients
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Particulate Matter Chemistry (1 of 4)

Coagulation: Particles collide and stick together.

Condensation: Gases condense onto a small solid particle to form a liquid droplet.

Cloud/Fog Processes: Gases dissolve in a water droplet and chemically react. A particle exists when the water evaporates.

Sulfate

Chemical Reaction: Gases react to form particles.

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Particulate Matter Composition (2 of 3)

PM contains many compounds
Primary Particles (directly emitted) Secondary Particles (from precursor gases)
VOCs Carbon (Soot) Organic Carbon SO2

Metals

Ammonium Sulfate Crustal (soil,dust) Other (sea salt) Ammonium Nitrate Ammoni a NOx

Composition of PM tells us about the sources and formation processes

Gas

Particle

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Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) belongs to the family of sulfur oxide (SOx) gases. Gases are formed when fuel containing sulfur (mainly coal and oil) is burned and during metal smelting and other industrial processes. Affects the respiratory system Reacts in the atmosphere to form acids, sulfates, and sulfites Contributes to acid rain
Impact of low soil pH on agriculture in Victoria German sandstone statue, 1908, 1969

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Low crown density of spruce trees

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Particulate Matter Chemistry (2 of 4)

Sulfate Chemistry

Heterogeneous Oxidation

Virtually all ambient sulfate (99%) is secondary, formed within the atmosphere from SO2 during the summer. About half of SO2 oxidation to sulfate occurs in the gas phase through photochemical oxidation in the daytime. NOx and hydrocarbon emissions tend to Husar (1999) enhance the photochemical oxidation rate. At least half of SO2 oxidation takes place in cloud droplets as air molecules react in clouds. Within clouds, soluble pollutant gases, such as SO2, are scavenged by water droplets and rapidly oxidize to sulfate. Only a small fraction of cloud droplets deposit out as rain; most droplets evaporate and leave a sulfate residue or convective debris. Typical conversion rate 1-10% per hour
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Mechanisms of Converting S(IV) to S(VI)

Why is converting to S(VI) important? It allows sulfuric acid to enter or form within cloud drops and aerosol particles, increasing their acidity Mechanisms 1. Gas-phase oxidation of SO2(g) to H2SO4(g) followed by condensation of H2SO4(g) 2. Dissolution of SO2(g) into liquid water to form H2SO3(aq) followed by aqueous chemical conversion of H2SO3(aq) and its dissociation products to H2SO4(aq) and its dissociation products. Aspects of Air Pollution Section 7 Chemical
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Particulate Matter Chemistry (3 of 4)

Nitrate Chemistry

NO2 can be converted to nitric acid (HNO3) by reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) during the day.
The reaction of OH with NO2 is about 10 times faster than the OH reaction with SO2. The peak daytime conversion rate of NO2 to HNO3 in the gas phase is about 10% to 50% per hour.

During the nighttime, NO2 is converted into HNO3 by a series of reactions involving ozone and the nitrate radical. HNO3 reacts with ammonia to form particulate ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Thus, PM nitrate can be formed at night and during the day; daytime photochemistry also forms ozone.
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Particulate Matter Chemistry (4 of 4)

Emissions
Particles NaCl Crustal Particles Soot Metals OC Gases NOx SO2 VOCs NH3 Gases VOCs NH3 NOx
Winds Temperature Solar radiation

Sources
Mechanical Sea salt Dust Combustion Motor vehicles Industrial Fires

Chemical Processes

PM Formation

PM Transport/Loss

Sample Collection

gases condense onto particles cloud/fog processes transport sedimentation (dry deposition) wet deposition

Measurement Issues
Inlet cut points Vaporization of nitrate, H2O, VOCs Adsorption of VOCs Absorption of H2O

condensation and coagulation photochemical production cloud/fog processes

Other gaseous Biogenic Anthropogenic

Meteorological Processes

Clouds, fog Temperature Relative humidity Solar radiation

Winds Precipitation

Temperature Relative humidity Winds

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Vertical mixing

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Particulate Matter Meteorology

How weather affects PM emissions, formation, and transport
Emissions No direct impact. PM Formation No direct impact. PM Transport/Loss Ridges tend to produce conditions conducive for accumulation of PM2.5. Troughs tend to produce conditions conducive for dispersion and removal of PM and ozone. In mountain-valley regions, strong wintertime inversions and high PM2.5 levels may not be altered by weak troughs. High PM2.5 concentrations often occur during the approach of a trough from the west.

Phenomena Aloft Pressure Pattern

Winds and Transport

No direct impact.

In general, stronger winds disperse pollutants, resulting in a less ideal mixture of pollutants for chemical reactions that produce PM2.5. Inversions reduce vertical mixing and therefore increase chemical concentrations of precursors. Higher concentrations of precursors can produce faster, more efficient chemical reactions that produce PM2.5.

Strong surface winds tend to disperse PM2.5 regardless of season. Strong winds can create dust which can increase PM2.5 concentrations.

Temperature Inversions

No direct impact.

A strong inversion acts to limit vertical mixing allowing for the accumulation of PM2.5.

Rain Moisture

Reduces soil and fire emissions No direct impact.

Rain can remove precursors of PM2.5.

Rain can remove PM2.5.

Moisture acts to increase the production No direct impact. of secondary PM2.5 including sulfates and nitrates. Although warm surface temperatures are generally associated with poor air quality conditions, very warm temperatures can increase vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants. Warm temperatures may volatize Nitrates from a solid to a gas. Very cold surface temperatures during the winter may produce strong surface-based inversions that confine pollutants to a shallow layer.

Temperature

Warm temperatures are associated with Photochemical reaction rates increase increased evaporative, biogenic, and with temperature. power plant emissions, which act to increase PM2.5. Cold temperatures can also indirectly influence PM2.5 concentrations (i.e., home heating on winter nights).

Clouds/Fog

No direct impact.

Water droplets can enhance the Convective clouds are an indication of strong vertical mixing, which disperses pollutants. formation of secondary PM2.5. Clouds can limit photochemistry, which limits photochemical production. TheSection changes with season,Aspects of Air Pollution sun angle 7 Chemical No direct impact. which changes the amount of solar radiation available for photochemistry.

Season

Forest fires, wood burning, agriculture burning, field tilling, windblown dust, road dust, and construction vary by season.

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ANNUAL MEAN PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) CONCENTRATIONS AT U.S. SITES, 1995-2000 NARSTO PM Assessment, 2003 PM10 (particles > 10 m) PM2.5 (particles > 2.5 m)

Red circles indicate violations of national air quality standard: 50 g m-3 for PM10 15 g m-3 for PM2.5
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AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH (GLOBAL MODEL) Annual mean

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AEROSOL OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE Biomass fire haze in central America yesterday (4/30/03)

Fire locations in red

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Modis.gsfc.nasa.gov
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BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS

DIESEL

DOMESTIC COAL BURNING

BIOMASS BURNING

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

Chin et al. [2000]

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RADIATIVE FORCING OF CLIMATE, 1750-PRESENT

IPCC [2001]

Kyoto also failed to address two major pollutants that have an impact on warming: black soot and tropospheric ozone. Both are proven health hazards. Reducing both would not only address climate change, but also dramatically improve people's7 health.Aspects of Air Pollution (George W. Bush, June 11 2001 Rose Section Chemical Garden speech)

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Particles Impact Human Health and MORE

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EPA REGIONAL HAZE RULE: FEDERAL CLASS I AREAS TO RETURN TO NATURAL VISIBILITY LEVELS BY 2064

will require essentially total elimination of anthropogenic aerosols!

clean day

moderately polluted day Acadia National Park

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution

http://www.hazecam.net/

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ASIAN DUST INFLUENCE IN UNITED STATES Dust observations from U.S. IMPROVE network
April 16, 2001 Asian dust in western U.S. April 22, 2001 Asian dust in southeastern U.S.

4 g m-3

Glen Canyon, AZ
Section 7 Chemical Aspects of AirApril 16, Pollution

Clear day

2001: Asian dust!

76

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Aerosols Link Air Quality, Health and Climate: Dirtier Air and a Dimmer Sun

Anderson et al., Science 2003

Smith et al., 2003

He et al., 2002

Section 7 Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution 77