Professional Documents
Culture Documents
You hear that a pinch of soil may contain millions of organisms. What optical tools would you use to see these organisms and to study their structure?
Unicellular
Multicellular
Nucleus
The nucleus is the cells control center, directing all of the cells activities.
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is similar to the system of hallways in a building. Proteins and other materials move throughout the cell by way of the endoplasmic reticulum. The spots on this organelle are ribosomes, which produce proteins.
Golgi Body
The Golgi bodies receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell.
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Chloroplasts
One of the most widely recognized and important characteristics of plants is their ability to conduct photosynthesis, in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy.
Cell Wall
One of the most important distinguishing features of plant cells is the presence of a cell wall. The relative rigidity of the cell wall renders plants sedentary,
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Nerve Cells
Skin Cells
Here are the cells we saw before, but if you look closely, you can see that they all look similar. Nerve cells working together make nerve tissue, and skin cells make up a special type of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers and lines the Muscle tissue can contract, or shorten. surfaces of your body and organs, inside and Because of this, muscle tissue makes out. They primarily serve as protective parts of your body move. barriers. Skin is one example.
GET IT????
For example, your heart is part of your circulatory system, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout your body. Besides the heart, blood vessels are organs that work in your circulatory system.
The nervous system detects and interprets information from the environment outside the body and from within the body; controls most body functions.
The immune system fights disease. The excretory system removes wastes. The endocrine system controls many body processes by means of chemicals, like hormones.
The muscular system enables the body to move; moves food through the digestive system, and keeps the heart beating.
The skeletal system supports and protects the body, and works with the muscular system to allow movement; makes and stores blood cells and stores some other materials.
The digestive system takes food into the body, breaks the food down into smaller particles, and absorbs the digested materials.
The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide. The reproductive system produces sex cells that can unite with other sex cells to create offspring; controls male and female characteristics.
Lets Review.
1st Level: Cells working together form
2nd Level: Tissues, which can form
3rd Level: Organs, which work together to form 4th Level: Organ Systems, which work together to form 5th Level: Organisms!
Physical Change
Turgor Pressure:
Plants cells have larger vacuoles because they have to store all of the food they make.
This plant is more rigid!
If a plant cell is immersed in a solution that has a higher salt concentration than that of the cell, water will leave the cell. The loss of water from the cell will cause the cell to lose the pressure exerted by the water in the plant cells vacuole, which is called turgor pressure.
If the cell membrane becomes damaged, it will lose the ability to control what goes in and out of the cell.
Types of tropisms:
Phototropism: response to light
This is why people turn their house plants so they wont lean.
Geotropism
The growth of a living organism in response to gravity, as the downward growth of plant roots. Roots display positive geotropism when they grow downwards, while shoots display negative geotropism when they grow upwards.
A corn kernel was planted face down and this was the result. You can see how it started to grow downwards and then responded to the external stimulus of the sun and grew upwards.
The root system started to grow upwards toward the sun and then responded to gravity (geotropism) and began to grow downwards.
For a plant to be planted in an upside down planter like this the roots must be started first. Why must the roots must be started first in a regular planter?
Well because If you just planted the plant upside down first the roots would grow downward as well which would kill the plant. Geotropism is what would cause the plants roots to grow downward.
You must start the plant first so the roots will grow correctly and then just the plant itself will grow downwards.
Emergence of Seedlings:
Seeds respond to stimuli (internal and external).
Geotropism is where a seed It takes force and and its roots respond to the pressure for the force of gravity. This forces plant to push out the roots to grow downward. of the ground. Is this an internal or external Gravity is an external stimulus! stimulus?
Another external stimuli to the plant is the sun. The plant responds to the sun by growing upwards.
THERMOTROPISM in HYDROTROPISM plants leaves when it is in roots cold TURGOR Pressure in celery and potato
Water moves freely through pores. Solute (green) to large to move across.
Internal Stimulus
A stimulus that comes from inside your body or a plant EX. hunger pains, emotions, and a full bladder vomiting, temperature, dehydration.
External Stimulus
Any stimulus from outside the body or plant. Ex. flashing lights, scary or sad events, hot stove. tropisms.
Response
A reaction to a stimulus. When you are hungry you eat, when you are sad you cry, when you are scared you run a plant growingor wilting
There really are countless more examples, from as simple to an itch on your arm to the complicated conditions that cause plants to realize winter is over and fire back into life.
#22 Write.
Stimulus (changing condition) and Response A. Internal Stimulus detected inside an organism ex: hunger, emotions, temperature B. External Stimulus detected outside ex: light, dark, climate change
Organisms respond to these stimuli to help increase their chances at survival. When you learn more about the human body, you might be astonished to discover the numerous stimuli, both internal and external, that your nerves and brain can respond to.
Notes
Homeostasis
A state of balance in the body
Whoa
Definition of Homeostasis
homeo = same; stasis = standing Homeostasis is the term we use to describe the constant state of the internal environment. Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body.
Introduction
You are exposed to ever changing environmental conditions. For example, you may walk out of an air conditioned room into the hot summer sun. However the cells in your body work best when their surroundings are kept constant. Your body has many mechanisms that keep the cells surroundings constant even though your external environment is changing. This is homeostasis. Homeostasis is very important because when it fails you become ill and may die.
Maintaining Homeostasis
Chemistry is the reason why we must maintain homeostasis. Biochemical processes (the chemical reactions) that occur within us) are vital to life and occur efficiently only within a limited temperature range and at a specific pH.
Internal Communication
The body must have good internal communication, using the endocrine and nervous systems, to maintain homeostasis. Feedback inhibition limits the operation of a system or causes it to shut down when it senses too much of a certain product (such as water, glucose, salt, heat, CO2 etc.) It will cause the system to turn back on when there is too little of this product.
Summary
Changes in temp are detected by thermometer, which feeds info about the actual temp back to thermostat. Thermostat has been previously set to ideal (set point) value; thermostat compares actual value to set point value and sends signal to furnace. Furnace fires up and changes the internal temp back toward set point. (Furnace will shut down when thermostat determines actual temp is now higher than set point temp).
Recognize that radiant energy from the sun is transferred into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. 7C The student will demonstrate and illustrate forces that affect motion in everydaylife such as an emergence of seedlings, turgor pressure, and geotropism. Biological forces affect how living organisms grow and develop as well as keep them intact. Turgor pressure in plants is defined as the internal pressure applied in an outward motion against the plants cell walls. Plants are able to stand erect and maintain rigidness because of this pressure/force. When plants react to changes in their environment this is defined as a stimulus response. There are two types of stimulus responses: internal and external. Plant internal stimulus comes from within the organism. An example of internal stimuli is a response such as wilting. Plant external stimulus comes from outside an organism. An example of external stimulus is an organisms response to light such as a plant growing in the direction of its light source.
13B Describe and relate responses in organisms that may result from internal stimuli such as wilting in plants and fever or vomiting in animals that allow them to maintain balance.
13A Investigate how organisms respond to external stimuli found in the environment such as phototropism and fight or flight.