COURSE TITLE: NATURAL SCIENCE 2

Course Description: Biology and soicety; theories of the origin of life; manifestations and characteristics of life; life processes; concept of homeostasis; homeostasis and feedback loops at various levels of biological organization; reproduction; developmental biology and genetics; change and evolution; biodiversity; structure and function of ecosystems; types of biomes; anthropogenic impact on environment; sustainable natural resources and management.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
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10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Define biology and its branches. Understand the steps in scientific method. Know the concept of cell theory. Identify the different functions of cell. Enumerate the different types of cells and its parts. Differentiate animal cell from plant cell. Understand chemical properties of cell. Illustrate the different tissues, organs, and organ systems that make up plants and animals. Explain the functions of the different tissues, organs, and organ systems that make up plants and animals. Explain and illustrate the function of ATP in producing energy in the body. Illustrate the cell cycle. Understand the different classes of living things. Identify the different biospheres. Enumerate the different aquatic and terrestrial biomes in the world.

GRADING SYSTEM:
Lecture
Class Participation 10% Exercises and Seatwork 20% Periodical Examination 50% Quizzes 20%

Prelims Midterms 20% Pre-finals 20% Finals

20%

40%
________

100%

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

NatSci2

BIOLOGY

is the science of life and of living organism. Taken from the Greek word bios= life and logos= study. It gives the opportunity to observe, evaluate and solve problems that are related to plants and animals. As a Science: is a growing human work; a very exciting search for truth; a tool to solve problems and mysteries about life

BIOLOGISTS

are scientist who focus their study in biology. They study intimately the details of the human brain, composition of our genes and functioning of our reproductive system Deciphered the human genome, the sequence of DNA

Common Branches of Biology

Zoology- study of animals Paleontology- study of forms of life that existed in prehistoric times Ecology- study of the interaction of organisms with each other and with their environment Biochemistry- study of life at the chemical level Cytology- study of living cells Microbiology- study of microorganisms and its effects on other organisms

Common Branches of Biology

Anatomy- study of the macroscopic structure of multicellular organisms Genetics- study of heredity Medicine- study of prevention, cure and alleviation of diseases and the care of the injured Neurology- study the nervous system and its diseases Botany- study of plants Agriculture- study of crops and livestock production

(5) Fundamental axioms of modern Biology:

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Cells are the basic unit of life. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. An organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. Living organisms consume and transform energy.

Scientific method

Is an objective, logical and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science derived from the Latin word scientia=to know; an ongoing process of testing and evaluation It requires use of evidences; it is objective in nature; it is not based on the personal feelings or biases of the person doing science It is the core of science. It helps to organize ideas and processes so that scientists can arrive at more accurate answers.

Scientific method
Two types of reasoning: a) Inductive reasoning- specific to general. Ex: biologist gathers data on cases of sickle cell anemia or sperm count, and derive conclusion from those data. a) Deductive reasoning- general to specific. Ex: biologist concludes something about a certain specimen from an already established data about that specimen.

OBSERVATION

Steps of scientific method:

1.

Observation the beginning of any scientific knowledge. *Phenomenon- something witnessed, or a part of an earlier scientific study that left some unanswered questions. Ex: You noticed the tomatoes in your garden; some are bigger than others. Now, your objective is to explain why tomatoes are of different sizes.

RESEARCH

RESEARCH
2.

Research- gathering of information about the phenomenon. Ex: You look for a book about plants, and you found-out that tomatoes, like any other plants, need sunlight, water and rich soil to survive.

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
3.

Formulating hypothesis- formulate tentative explanations called hypothesis to explain the phenomenon.

Ex: Formulated hypothesis- Tomatoes must receive adequate sunlight to grow bigger.

EXPERIMENTATION

EXPERIMENTATION
4.

Experimentation- testing the hypothesis by controlling some of the variables affecting the phenomenon and see what happens if a variable or group of variables are controlled.

Ex: Group of young tomatoes and divided into three groups. (a.) covered with opaque cover and only receives light in day time. (b.) covered with clear glass which is capable of receiving all the sunlight in daytime. (c.) uncovered and receives all the sunlight during the entire day. The plants were planted on the same rich soil and receive the same amount of water everyday. After a few days the tomatoes receiving the most sunlight became the largest and the tomatoes receiving the least sunlight

RESULTS

RESULTS
5.

Results- are usually in the form of a statement that explains or interprets the data. Ex: All the observations during the experiment will be recorded and noted. The physical appearance before, during and after the tomato plant undergoes each procedure should be listed. This will be the basis of all the conclusions after performing the entire experiment.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
6.

Conclusion- summary of the experimental results and how it matches the hypothesis. It is a mere statement relating the hypothesis to the conclusion. May either: (a.) reject the hypothesis or (b.) accept the hypothesis. Ex: Based on this experiment, I therefore conclude that the greater amount of sunlight the tomato plant receives, the bigger it will grow, and the smaller the amount of sunlight it receives, the smaller it will grow.

Hypothesis, Theory, Law and Model

1.

HypothesisAn explanation of the phenomenon based on few observations without experimental proof.

2.

Theory- explanation of the phenomenon based on several observations and supported by several experimental evidences.

Hypothesis, Theory, Law and Model

3.

Law- are theories that stand for a very long time and experimentally proven on several occasions. It can be used to predict events under different situations.

4.

Model- is a specific assumption, or group of assumptions that have few experimental evidences and contradicted by several other experiments.

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FILIPINO BIOLOGIST

Pedro B. Escuro- plant breeder who developed several varieties of rice Claire Baltazar- an entomologistwho studied different insects affecting yields of important crops Asuncion K. Raymundo- a microbiologist who identified the genetic cause of a disease in banana through techniques in molecular biology

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FILIPINO BIOLOGIST

Pedro B. Escuro Claire Baltazar Asuncion K. Raymundo

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FILIPINO BIOLOGIST

Jose R. Velasco- a plant physiologist known for his research in cadang cadang disease of coconut Edgardo Gomez- a marine biologist who is known for his work on conservation of marine ecosystems Romulo Davide- a nematologist who studied several species of nematodes affecting important crops

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FILIPINO BIOLOGIST

Jose R. Velasco Edgardo Gomez Romulo Davide

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FOREIGN BIOLOGIST

Carl Linnaeus- Swedish naturalist who developed the binomial system of classifying organisms Anton van LeeuwenhoekDutch microscopist and naturalist, first to develop the simple microscope and first to discover protozoans Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallaceseparately formulated the theory of evolution

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FOREIGN BIOLOGIST

Carl Linnaeus Anton van Leeuwenhoek Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

LIST OF KNOWN BIOLOGIST FOREIGN BIOLOGIST James Watson and Francis Crick- built the
structure of the genetic material (DNA) Andreas Vesalius- founder of modern anatomy Gregor Mendel- developed the Mendels laws

MICROSCOPE

MICROSCOPE

Is one of the important tools used by biologist to develop and study living organisms. It magnifies small objects that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. They are important tools for studying cellular structures.

TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
a)

Compound, Light Microscopeuses at least 2 lenses and light rays as source of illumination; this is commonly used by students

TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
b)

Stereoscopic Microscopeprovides less magnification but is helpful in dissecting small specimens like insects

TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
c)

Electron Microscopemost powerful type which uses electron beam to magnify minute objects unseen under normal light microscopes Scanning EM- renders 3D view surface Transmission EM- gives powerful 2D view sections

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN STUDYING BIOLOGY:

1.

Tissue culture- used to study the effects of certain substances on cell growth, reproduction and metabolic processes.

2.

Electrophoresis- used to purify protein and separate its constituents. Dissection- a technique that requires dainty hands and meticulous attitude.

3.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN STUDYING BIOLOGY:

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1.

Metabolic processes- this involves the total chemical reactions and associated energy changes that take place within organism

2.

Generative processes- this involves the reactions that result to an increase in size of an individuals in a population of organisms

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

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Responsive processes- this involves the changes that happen to a living organism due to changes in their body or in their surroundings in several and significant ways. Control processes- this involves the coordination and regulation done by a living organism which ensures the body to have a proper response to changes within the body or its surroundings. Unique structural organization- this involves the structural units of living organisms called cells and its specific functions

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Biosphere- the sum of all ecosystems which is also called zone of life on Earth. Biosphere shows the relationship and interaction of all living organisms to other elements present on Earth, The Earth is divided into atmosphere (air), lithosphere (earth), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (life).

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Ecosystem- the relationship of smaller groups of living organisms with each other and their environment. Community- the relationships between groups of different species. Population- the group of organisms of the same species located in the same place at the same time.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Organisma specialized independent functioning unit that consists of trillions of cells. These can be unicellular or multicellular. The multicellular individual exhibits specialization of cell types and division of labor into tissues, organs and organ systems. Organ System- Group of cells, tissues, and organs that perform a specific major function Organ- Group of cells or tissues performing an overall function

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Tissue- Group of cells performing a specific function Cell- the fundamental unit of living things. Cells are microscopic. Each cell is made up of several subunits that provide hereditary material, energy acquiring chemicals, structures, etc that sustains life to living things. Organelle- a subunit of a cell that is involved in a specific subcellular function, for example the ribosome or mitochondrion Molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles-

CELL, ORGANELLES

MOLECULES, ATOMS