Dysarrythmias

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 ARRHTHMIAS

Any sinus rhythm deviating from normal.

Normal Rhythm
Sinus Tachycardia
 Sinus Tachycardia

Characteristics:
• Heart rate 100- 180 beats per minute
• Rhythm is regular

Treatment:
- Inderal
Sinus Bradycardia
 Sinus Bradycardia

Characteristics:
• Heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute
• Rhythm is regular

Treatment:
- Atropine
 SVT
Supraventricular Tachycardia
 SVT
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Characteristics:
• Rate is 150-250 beats per minute
• Rhythm is regular
• Dyspnea, chest pain

Treatment:
– Adenosine
 AF
Atrial Fibrillation
 AF
Atrial Fibrillation
Characteristics:
• Rate is 350-600 beat per minute
• Rhythm is irregular
• Palpitation, Dyspnea

Treatment:
- Calcium channel blocker (nifedipine)
 VF
Ventricular Fibrillation
 VF
Ventricular Fibrillation
Characteristics:
• Rate is rapid and uncoordinated
• P wave is not seen
• Rhythm is irregular
• Loss of consciousness and pulselessness

Treatment:
- Defibrillation
 CAD
Coronary Artery Disease

Narrowing of large coronary arteries.

Coronary Arteries
 S&S
• Chest pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Dizziness
• Syncope
• Diaphoresis
• Cool skin
 Nursing Care
• Administer prescribed medications;
analgesics, calcium channel blockers,
antiemitics,…
• Bed rest
• Do ECG
• Check vital signs and record
• Insert I.V cannula
 MI
Myocardial Infarction

Destruction of myocardial tissue in regions

of the heart because of reduced coronary
blood flow.
MI
MI
 S&S
• Chest pain radiated to neck and arm
• Diaphoresis
• Cool skin
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Dyspnea
• Restlessness
• Hypotension
 Nursing Care
• Administer prescribed medications;
morphine, thrombolytics (streptokinase),
anticoagulants (heparin),…
• Give O2 therapy
• Check vital signs
• Do ECG
• Keep patient under observation
 CHF
Congestive Heart Failure

Inability of the heart to pump adequate

amount of blood to meet the oxygen
demands of the body.
2 types:-
- Left-sided
- Right-sided
Edema
 S&S
• Dyspnea
• Tachycardia
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Cyanosis
• Weight gain
• Pale skin
• Decrease urinary output
• Edema
 Nursing Care
• Administer prescribed medications; cardiac
glycosides (digoxin), diuretics (lasix), …
• Check vital signs frequently
• Do ECG daily
• Bed rest
 Acute Pulmonary Edema

Accumulation of fluids in the lung spaces.

 S&S
• Dyspnea
• Cough with bloody sputum
• Wheezes
• Tachycardia
• Cyanosis
• Diaphoresis
• Anxiety
• Restlessness
 Nursing Care

• Administer prescribed medications; morphine,

diuretics, …
• Bed rest
• Put the patient in upright position
• Check vital signs frequently
• Monitor intake and output
• Decrease anxiety
 Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium

 S&S
• Sharp pain
• Dyspnea
• Tachycardia
• Absent apical pulse
• Hypotension
• Paleness
• Cool skin
 Nursing Care
• Administer prescribed medications; morphine, aspirin, …
• Put patient in upright position
• Bed rest
• Check vital signs frequently
• Do ECG daily
 DVT
Deep Venous Thrombosis

Blood clot formation in the deep veins of lower

extremities leading to venous insufficiency.
 DVT
Deep Venous Thrombosis
 S&S
• Edema
• Warmth of calf muscles
• Pain in calf muscle
• Fever
 Nursing Care
• Administer prescribed medications;
anticoagulants (heparin), analgesics, …
• Elevate the patient legs above the level of the
heart
• Tell the patient to avoid long standing or sitting
• Check vital signs frequently
 Varicose Veins

Are abnormally dilated veins with in competent

valves occurring most commonly in lower
extremities and trunk.
Varicose Veins
 S&S
• Dilated veins
• Easy leg fatigue
• Ankle edema
 Nursing Care
• Elevate the leg above the heart level
• Change position frequently
• Tell patient to avoid long sitting and standing
• Encourage patient to wear antiembolism
stockings
• Check vital signs frequently
• encourage the patient to decrease weight
 Cardiac Arrest
• Sudden unexpected cessation of heart pumping
action and circulation
 Clinical Manifestations

• Immediate loss of consciousness

• Absence of palpable pulses
• Apnea
• Absence of normal waves of ECG
 Nursing management

CPR
PLEASE
GO to BLS and CPR , you will find them in the folder ( CPR )
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