*Machines which convert hydraulic

energy(energy possessed by water) into mechanical energy: turbine

*Machines which convert mechanical

energy into hydraulic energy-Pumps

*Hydraulic Turbines convert hydraulic

energy of water into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy. This energy obtained is know as hydro-electric power which is one of the cheapest forms of energy generation.

*Hydraulic efficiency h *Mechanical efficiency m *Volumetric efficiency v *Overall efficiency o

*Action of fluid on turbine blades

Impulse turbine, Reaction turbine

*Direction of flow through the runner

Tangential flow , Radial flow, Axial flow, Mixed flow

*Head of the turbine

High head , Medium head , Low head

*Specific speed
High speed , Medium speed, Low speed

PELTON WHEEL (1889)

*In a Pelton Wheel or Pelton Turbine water

strikes the vanes along the tangent of the runner and the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy, therefore it is a tangential flow impulse turbine. named after L.A Pelton, an American engineer.

*This turbine is used for high heads and

*The high speed water coming out of the nozzle strikes

the splitter which divides the jet into two equal streams. These stream flow along the inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the direction opposite to that of incoming jet. The high pressure water can be obtained from any water body situated at some height or streams of water flowing down the hills. of water stream produces an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. This impulse generates the torque and rotation in the shaft of Pelton Turbine.

*The change in momentum (direction as well as speed)

*Nozzle: It controls the amount of water

striking the vanes of the runner.

*Casing: It is used to prevent splashing of

water and plays no part in power generation.

disc on the periphery of which a number of evenly spaced buckets are fixed.

*Runner with buckets: Runner is a circular *Breaking Jet: To stop the runner in short
time breaking jet is used.

BUCKETS OR VANES

SPLITTER

12 RUNNER

Pelton wheel
R2 = R 1 vr2

2
u2 = u1

v2

v1 (jet velocity)= vw1

Rotation

R1

u1

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Turbines: Pelton wheel

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Turbines: Francis

(1849)

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*Francis Turbine is the first hydraulic turbine

with radial inflow. It was designed by an American scientist James Francis. If the water flows radially through the runner , from outwards to inwards then it is known as an inward radial flow turbine.
energy available at the inlet of the turbine is a combination of kinetic and pressure energy.
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*Francis turbine is a reaction turbine as the

* CASING: The runner is completely enclosed

in an air-tight spiral casing. The casing and runner are always full of water. on which stationary guide vanes are fixed. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes of the runner without shock at inlet radial guide vanes are fixed.

* GUIDE MECHANISM: It consists of a stationary circular wheel

* RUNNER: It is a circular wheel on which a series of curved * DRAFT

TUBE: It is used for discharging water from the outlet of the runner to the tail race.

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RUNNER

MOVABLE VANES

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GUIDE

STATIONARY GUIDE VANES

 Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine.The water flows through the runner of the turbine in an axial direction and the energy at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic and pressure energy . In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as hub or boss. It is on this hub that the vanes are attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known as kaplan Turbine and if the vanes are non adjustable then it is known as Propeller Turbine.

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Kaplan turbine is best suited where large quantity of low head water is available. The main parts of a kaplan Turbine are: 1.Scroll Casing 2.Guide vane Mechanism 3.Hub with Vanes 4.Draft Tube

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SHAFT

VANES

HUBB OR BOSS

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 The water enters the turbine through the guide vanes which are aligned such as to give the flow a suitable degree of swirl. The flow from guide vanes pass through the curved passage which forces the radial flow to axial direction. The axial flow of water with a component of swirl applies force on the blades of the rotor and looses its momentum, both linear and angular, producing torque and rotation (their product is power) in the shaft. The scheme for production of hydroelectricity by Kaplan Turbine is same as that for Francis Turbine.
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GUIDE VANES SHAFT

MOVABLE VANES HUBB OR BOSS

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 The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner with the tailrace. One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner while the other end is submerged below the level of water in the tail race. It creates a negative head at the outlet of the runner thereby increasing the net head on the turbine. It converts a large proportion of rejected kinetic energy into useful pressure energy
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 It is the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant under all conditions of working load. This is done automatically by a governor which regulates the rate flow through the turbines according to the changing load conditions on the turbine. Governing of a turbine is absolutely necessary if the turbine is coupled to an electric generator which is required to run at constant speed under all fluctuating load conditions.
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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Characterising turbines: Specific speed: Dimensional specific speed

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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Characterising turbines

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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Characterising turbines

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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Cavitation

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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Cavitation

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B2.2.4 Hydropower system design Turbines: Cavitation

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