BIOLOGY

Basic Information
Teacher: Mary Ann Meinecke Zbranek E-mail: mmeinecke@yahoo.com

UNIT 1 EXPLORING LIFE SCIENCES

Exploring Life Science

Bios = life Logos = study
The goal of science is to understand the world around us.

Biologists study living things, their parts, actions and environment.

The Scientific Method

1.
2. 3. 4.

5.
6. 7.

Observing. Stating the problem. Gathering information. Forming a hypothesis. Experimenting. Analyzing data. Stating a conclusion.

The Metric System

The basic units in the metric system are:

The kilogram The liter The meter The Celsius degree

Tools of a Biologist

Compound Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

Safety in the Laboratory

When working in the laboratory, it is important to follow all necessary safety precautions.

UNIT 2 :ORIGIN OF LIFE

The Origin of Life

Substances that make up living things could have formed on Earth about 4 billion years ago. The first living things to evolve on Earth were single-celled organisms.
Video; Origin of Life = 6 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H0RX DrfyZc VIDEO History of the Earth: 9 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4gMQ 189NGM&feature=PlayList&p=100500E4C 9404405&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL& index=3

Early cells were consumers, feeding off the chemicals in which they floated.
Later, cells that could perform photosynthesis evolved. Over time, cells developed the ability to use oxygen in their metabolic pathway.

Theories of the Origin of Life

Evolution life began in the water in the presence of molecules needed for the basic structure of a cell. Panspermia a meteorite full of life came to earth and from that event life evolved. Directed Panspermia extraterrestrials came and sowed life on earth.

Characteristics of Living Things

1.

Made up of cells living things are made up of 1 or more cells. Need nutrients and energy Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions essential for life.

2.

Characteristics of Living Things

3.

Response to the environment changes in the environment causes reactions or responses. Reproduction process by which organisms produce offspring.

4.

Needs of Living Things

The primary source of energy is the sun. Energy is required for metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions inside an organism.

Oxygen in the air or dissolved in the water is

used by organisms during respiration.

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to

keep a stable environment inside its body.

Chemistry of Living Things

Organic compounds contain carbon. Inorganic compounds dont. Organic compounds needed for life:
1. 2.

Carbohydrates (sugars) Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates (sugars) Main source of energy. 2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Used to store energy. 3. Proteins Made up of aminoacids. 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Store and transmit genetic information.

UNIT 3 CELLS

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. Cells come from other cells.

Types of Cells

Prokaryote without nuclei Bacteria cells. Eukaryote with nuclei Plant and animal cells.

PROKARYOTE (bacteria)

EUKARYOTE (animal)

EUKARYOTE (plant)

Structure and Function of Cells

Cell wall protection and support to the plant cell.

Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun and use it to make food during photosynthesis. Vacuoles store food, water and wastes. Cell membrane regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell.

Nucleus controls the functions of the cell.

Chromosomes DNA inside the nucleus; control the production of proteins and functions of the cell. Mitochondria provides the energy that the cell need to function. Endoplasmic reticulum manufacture and transport of proteins. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
Cell Biology Video = 17 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zufaN_aetZI

Types of Reproduction

Asexual

Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent. 1 cell or organism reproduces itself It is very common in plants; less so in animals.

1. Binary Fission (prokaryotes) 2. Mitosis (eukaryotes)

Binary Fission (prokaryotes)

1 & 2.DNA replication. 3. Cell grows larger and DNA is pulled apart. DNA attaches to the cell membrane. 4. The cell elongates, causing the two DNA to separate.

Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction)

The process of mitosis is divided into 6 stages. 1. Interphase (start with one cell) 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinasis (Now there are 2 identical cells)

Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction)

1.

Interphase DNA has replicated, but has not formed the condensed structure of chromosome. They remain as loosely coiled chromatin. The nuclear membrane is still intact to protect the DNA molecules from undergoing mutation.

Mitosis
2. Prophase The DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible. The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite poles of the cell..

Mitosis
3. Metaphase The spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.

Mitosis
4. Anaphase The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.

Mitosis
5. Telophase The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.

Mitosis
6. Cytokinasis: This is the last stage of mitosis. It is the process of splitting the identical daughter cells apart.

Types of Reproduction

Sexual

2 cells from different parents unite to produce 1 new single cell Fertilization (sperm and egg). The cell reproduction for sexual reproduction is called Meiosis (eukaryotes)

Meiosis

It involves two divisions to produce four non-identical daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Genetic Variation. Meiosis provides opportunities for new combinations of genes to occur.

Mitosis

Meiosis (eukaryotes)

Cell Reproduction

Video Activity = 1.5 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq1Oo1aBv4 Mitosis = 1.5 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_mQS_FZ0&NR=1

Meiosis = 1.5 minutes

Cell Specialization
The levels of organization (from smallest to largest) are:
1.
2. 3. 4.

5.
6. 7.

Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ System of organs

Organism

UNIT 4 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

Classification

Taxonomy discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each one an universally accepted name. Carolus Linnaeus invented the Binomial Nomenclature. Each organism is given an unique 2 part name: the genus and the specie.

This is known as the scientific name.

Examples
Human = Homo sapiens Dog = Canis familiaris Cat = Felis domesticus Black bear = Ursus horribilis White shark = Carcharodon carcharias

The scientific name is used and understood all over the world. It avoids confusions caused by regional names.

The taxonomic categories (from largest to smallest) are: EXAMPLE

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

6.
7.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Specie

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora

Felidae
Panthera leo

Scientific name:

Panthera leo

LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

Types of Organisms

Autotrophs can make their own food from the energy of the sun. -Plants, some bacteria and protists.

Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they need to consume other organisms. -Fungi and animals.

Viruses, monerans (bacteria)

UNIT 5 KINGDOM MONERA

Viruses

Viruses are noncellular particles that infect living cells. What diseases do viruses cause?

A typical virus is composed of a core of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

Genetic material

Protein coat

Different Virus Shapes

The development of the electron microscope made it possible to see viruses.

1. The virus gets its genetic material into the host cell.

Virus

2. Inside the host cell are made more copies of the virus. 3. The host cell breaks and the virus infect other cells.
DNA

Host cell

Virus Replication 8 STAGES

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Attachment Penetration Uncoating DNA expression DNA Replication Assembly Maturation Release

Video on virus replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEdcXQvwxk4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYaSht_sccc&feature=related

Monerans

Monerans are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (Prokaryotes). Monerans = Bacteria

Bacteria are the oldest forms of life on Earth.

Bacteria has 3 basic shapes:

Bacilli

Cocci

Spirillum

Most bacteria live in colonies. Some bacteria are autotrophs and produce oxygen. Some are heterotophs and consume other bacteria. Bacteria live almost everywhere. Some live in extreme environments, such as acidic water and human intestines.

Bacteria Discussion Activity

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Where do beneficial bacteria live in our bodies? What role(s) do they play in our bodies? What impact do antibiotics have on the beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies? What are some examples of how we use bacteria for commercial purposes? Antimicrobial agents are added to a wide variety of commercial products (soaps, plastics, etc.). When might that be especially useful?

Common Bacteria Uses

Yoghurt is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.

2 minute video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oddMUHIj0wI

UNIT 6 PROTISTA

Protists

Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (Eukaryotes).

Protists are grouped in 3 categories: Animallike, Plantlike and Funguslike protists.

Animallike Protists
Heterotrophs. Have movility. Dont have cell wall.

Are divided into 4 main groups: Sarcodines, Ciliates, Zooflagellates and Sporozoans.

1.

Sarcodines with pseudopods (Amoebas) Ciliates with cillia (Paramecium) Zooflagellates with flagella (Giardia) Sporozoans are parasites (Plasmodium)

1.

2.

3.

Plantlike Protists

Autotrophs. Have cell wall. Have chlorophyll.

There are 2 main groups: Unicellular algae Red, brown and green algae

1.

2.

70% of the Earths supply of oxygen is produced by plantlike protists (algae).

About

Funguslike Protists

Heterotrophs. Have centrioles (true fungi dont). Lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.
There are 2 main groups: Slime molds. Water molds.

1.

2.

1.

Slime molds.

2.

Water molds.

UNIT 7 KINGDOM FUNGI

Fungi

Release chemicals that digest the substance on which they are growing and then absorb the digested food Heterotrophs. Some are unicellular, but most of them are multicellular.

The cell walls of fungi are made up of chitin, a complex carbohydrate.

Fungi are composed by tiny filaments called hyphae. Many hyphae are tangled together into a mass called mycelium. The reproductive structure that develops from a mycelium is the fruiting body.

The fruiting body produces spores. The spores are the reproductive cells of fungi.

1.

Mushrooms

2.

Yeasts

3.

Molds

Fungi cause a number of diseases in plants, animals and humans.

Wheat rust

Corn smut

Athletes foot

Making Bread

Yeast is used in making bread. Yeast is a fungus. yeast

Making wine

Wine is fermented grape juice. The microorganism that converts the sugars in the juice to alcohol, and at the same time produces the desired flavors, is yeast.

Some fungi form associations with plants.

Lichens are produced by a symbiosis between a fungus and an algae.