Chapter 1 Operating System Environment Part 1

Prepared by: Nor Zuraida Bt Mohd Gaminan Department of IT & Communication Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Chapter Summary
At the end of this chapter, student will be

able to: 1)Define operating system 2)List the use of operating system in computer system 3)Describe various OS architecture 4)Describe various types of OS

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Introduction to Operating System (OS)

Software program that controls the hardware. Definition of an operating system can be seen in

four aspects: 1) A group of program that acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware. 2) Controls and co-ordinates the use of computer resources among various application programs and user. 3) Acts as a manager 4) Allow the program to communicate with one another
FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Introduction to Operating System (OS)

Basically, two types of software available: 1)System software

- Groups of program that control the hardware 2)Application software - Groups of programs that used by the end-user for various applications such as text processing, spreadsheet, etc OS categorized as system software - Build to act as an intermediary between user of a computer and computer hardware - Goal: Provide convenient and efficient FP202 Fundamental Of environment forOperating System the user

Introduction to Operating System (OS)

User1 User2 User3

System and application programs Operating system Hardware

Figure 1: Abstract view of the components of a computer system

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Introduction to Operating System (OS)

Functions:

1) Resource Sharing - The OS contains a set of algorithms that allocates resources to the programs executed on behalf of the user. - These resources include time, power, hardware, etc... 2) Control Program - The control program controls the operation of the application programs to prevent errors affecting other programs. 3) Provision of a Virtual Machine -This hides interfaces to I/O devices, filing systems, etc, and provides a programming interface for applications. FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System 4) Kernel

Introduction to Operating System (OS)

OS has three objectives: 1) Convenience

- An OS make a computer more convenient to be used 2) Efficiency - An OS allows the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner 3) Ability to evolve - An OS is constructed in such a way to as to permit the effective development, testing and introduction of new system function without at the same time interfering with service.
FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

1) Monolithic System
This approach well known as The Big Mess -

there is no structure. All kernel routines are together, any can call any A system call interface (main program, sys calls, utility functions) Examples: Linux, BSD Unix, Windows Pros 1)Shared kernel space 2)Good performance Cons 1)No information hiding FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System 2) Inflexible

2) Layered System
The operating system is divided into a number of

layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layers. Hiding information at each layer E.g. level 1 is processor allocation, level 1 memory management, level 2 communication, level 3 I/O, etc. Examples: THE System (6 layers), MS-DOS (4 layers) Pros FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System 1) Layered abstraction

3) Client-server model or microkernel

The advent of new concepts in OS design,

microkernel is aimed at migrating services of an operating system out of monolithic kernel into user level process. Divide the OS into several processes, each which implements a single set of services - Example: I/O servers, memory server, process server Each server runs in user mode, provide services to the requested client. Client: Another operating system component or application program, request service by sending message to server An OS kernel (microkernel) running in kernel mode FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System deliver message to the server.

Client-server model or microkernel

Components above microkernel communicate

directly with one another, although using message that pass through the microkernel itself. Microkernel validate messages, passes them between the components and grants access to hardware. Example: C-DAC microkernel, Mach, Windows NT, Chorus

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Client-server model or microkernel

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

Example: Windows NT
Various applications (Win32, OS/2, and POSIX) run

in user space. Server for each application runs in user space. Message passing between client application programs and application servers runs in kernel space.

FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System

OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES

1) Batch Operating System

A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled

together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention. The basic physical layout of the memory of a batch job computer is shown below: Monitor (permanently resident) User Space (compilers, programs, data, - The monitor is system etc.) software that is responsible for interpreting and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs. - When the monitor starts a job, the entire computer

 Advantages: 1)Move much of the work of the operator to the

computer 2)Increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished Disadvantages: 1)Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs (read too many cards, etc) Example: A job could corrupt the monitor, thus affecting pending jobs 2)A job could enter an infinite loop

2) Multiprogramming Operating System

As machines with more and more memory became

available, it was possible to extend the idea of multiprogramming (or multiprocessing) as used in batch systems. This create a systems that would load several jobs into memory at once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for a specified period of time. Monitor (more like an operating The basic physical layout of a multiprogramming system) system is as shown:
User program 1 User program 2 User program 3 User program 4

 At this point the monitor is growing to the point

where it begins to resemble a modern operating system. It is responsible for: 1)Starting user jobs 2)Spooling operations 3)IO for user jobs 4) Switching between user jobs 5) Ensuring proper protection while doing the above

 There are different type of Multiprogramming

Operating System such as:

1)Multitasking Operating System A type of multiprogramming operating system

which can perform several process simultaneously. The earliest multitasking OS available to home users was the AmigaOS. All current major operating system support this feature.

2) Multi-user Operating System

A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Linux, Unix,Windows OS are some example of multitasking operating system.
3) Multiprocessing Operating System

An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer.

4) Real Time Operating System

Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

 A Distributed Operating System is the one that runs

on multiple, autonomous CPUs which provides its users an illusion of an ordinary Centralized Operating System that runs on a Virtual Uniprocessor. Distributed Operating Systems provide resource transparency to the user processes. If you can tell which computer you are using, you are not using a distributed operating system. Tanenbaum

3) Distributed Operating System

The Distributed Operating System is unique and

resides on different machines. User processes can run on any of the CPUs as allocated by the Distributed Operating System. Data can be resident on any machine that is the part of the Distributed System. All multi-machine systems are not Distributed Systems. It is the software not the hardware that determines whether a system is distributed or not - Tanenbaum

 Advantages: 1) Price/Performance advantage (Availability of cheap

and powerful Microprocessors). 2) Resources Sharing 3) Computation speed up load sharing 4) Reliability and Availability. 5) Provides Transparency.
Disadvantages: 1) Lack of security - Easy access also applies to

secret data.

 An example of a distributed system: Amoeba - An open source microkernel-based distributed

operating system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and others at the Vrije Universiteit. - The aim of the Amoeba project is to build a timesharing system that makes an entire network of computers appear to the user as a single machine. - Development seems to have stalled: the files in the latest version (5.3) were last modified on 12 February 2001. - Amoeba runs on several platforms, including i386, i486, 68030, Sun 3/50 and Sun 3/60.

 An example of a distributed system: Amoeba - An open source microkernel-based distributed

operating system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and others at the Vrije Universiteit. - The aim of the Amoeba project is to build a timesharing system that makes an entire network of computers appear to the user as a single machine. - Development seems to have stalled: the files in the latest version (5.3) were last modified on 12 February 2001. - Amoeba runs on several platforms, including i386, i486, 68030, Sun 3/50 and Sun 3/60.