Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, MESH Networking, Wi-MAX

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

Dynamic network of autonomous mobile nodes Uses wireless links without existing infrastructure Does not use centralized administration Dynamic network leads to high rate of topology changes Topology changes occur both rapidly and unexpectedly MANETs are often referred to as multihop wireless ad hoc networks

MANETs
Capable of extending network service to areas without existing infrastructure High expectations of future capabilities Large volume of existing research Expected to be a key element of 4G wireless network architecture MANET capabilities are expected to be an overall driving force for nextgeneration wireless functionalities

MANET Extending the Infrastructure

Key Elements of MANETs

Formed dynamically through the cooperation of independent nodes Nodes do not have any pre-specified roles Nodes make decision independently based on the current network situation Nodes are expected to behave as routers As routers, nodes must assist in discovery and maintenance of network routes

Formation of a MANET
B

Mobile Ad Network HOME

MANET Design complexities & Constraints

Infrastructureless with distributed management Frequent and unpredictable topology changes Physical layer limitation Limited link bandwidth and quality Variation in node capabilities Energy Considerations Network reliability Network security Network scalability Quality of service

MANET Management
Multihop network each device must carry burden of routing packets from source to destination Each Node handles part of the management of the network Fault detection is extremely difficult because of the distributed design

MANAET Distributed Management

MANET Topology
B

A
C

Topology changes occur with every move of a mobile node Every topology change results in route changes Route changes lead to network partitions and in most instances some packet losses

MANET Physical Layer

Limited wireless range and shared frequency space leads to specific mobile ad hoc problems
High risk of collisions and packet losses Hidden terminal problems Exposed terminal problem

Collision Risk and Packet Loss

A B

Node A and Node B simultaneously try to communicate with Node C. Their traffic collides and both packets are lost at Node C.

Hidden Terminal

Exposed Terminal

MANET Congestion Control

Adapted Ready-to-Send (RTS)/Clear-to-Send (CTS) protocols are the current resolutions to MANET congestion control, hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems.

MANET Bandwidth Constraints

Bandwidth used by MANETs has a wide range of capacity levels. Wireless bandwidth in general is more error-prone than wired links. Wireless bandwidth in general is more insecure than wired links. These factors lead to lower capacity throughput than equivalent wired links. The lower capacity wireless links lead to higher congestion problems.

MANET Node Variability

Nodes may have one or more radio interfaces of varying transmission capabilities Node radios may operate in different frequency bands Node radio capabilities may result in asymmetric links Node hardware and software configurations can affect processing capabilities

MANET Node Variability

MANET Energy Constraints

Link Distance
Controlled through topology management Goal is to reduce overall network power consumption as much as possible through assignment of per node transmit power levels

Routing Protocols
Minimizing routing paths reduces power needed to send a packet end-to-end

Transmit power levels can greatly affect the ability of the network to control congestion
Hidden terminal problems arise

MANET Power Considerations

MANET Reliability
Reliability occurs by routing and forwarding packets
Network overload Misbehaving nodes Broken links

No centralized management makes these problems difficult to detect and isolate Reliability thus must rely on properly designed protocols

MANET Security
Mobile networks are physically insecure Distributed management means overall security is dependent on individual node security MANET security considerations
Confidentiality prevent eavesdropping Access control protecting the wireless infrastructure Data integrity preventing tampering of traffic Denial of service

Wireless Eavesdropping
A

Wireless eavesdropping can be performed by anyone who has a radio receiver that is compatible with the signaling used by the Ad Hoc network

MANET Scalability
Scalability is critical to the successful deployment of a MANET Factors affecting MANET scalability
Addressing Routing Location management Configuration management Interoperability Security High-capacity wireless technologies

MANET Service Quality

Quality of Service is of key importance to all a networks MANETs makes the task of maintaining QoS more difficult

MANET Applications
Tactical Networks Military communications and operations control in battlefield environments. Sensor Networks Collection of embedded sensor devices used to collect real-time data to automate everyday functions. Weather monitoring Earth activities Manufacturing Equipment automation Emergency Services Search-and rescue operations as well as disaster recovery and medical needs. Patient records retrieval at point of contact Loss of infrastructure due to catastrophic disaster Commercial Environments electronic commerce Make and receive payments from anywhere Access customer records from the field Vehicular access of road conditions, weather, or local news Home and Enterprise Networking Anywhere access for PDA Personal area networks Educational Applications virtual classrooms or conference rooms for use during conferences, meetings or lectures. Entertainment Multiuser games, robotic pets, and outdoor Internet access. Location-aware Services Follow-on services Call forwarding anywhere Transmission of actual workspace to current location Advertise location specific services Location specific travel guides Service availability information

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc wireless networks eliminate the constraints of infrastructure and enable devices to create and join networks on the fly any time, anywhere for virtually any application.

MANETs and MESH Networks

Combining two point-to-point or point-to-multipoint MANETs begins the basic design of a MESH network. MESH networks are semi-mobile. The network nodes may change but the overall coverage is somewhat constant. MESH networks have dedicated routing nodes where every node in an MANET is a routing node. MANETs slowly develop into MESH networks as the number of nodes increases. MESH nodes normally are connected to every other node within range creating a mesh of coverage paths.

MESH Network Characteristics

Robust network routing Routing addresses congestion concerns Routing addresses line of sight concerns Node density increases network throughput Purely dynamic mesh is not suitable for large scale deployment at this time. Development of protocols for the dynamic nature are still needed Development of protocols for address assignment in a mobile environment are still needed. MESH networks are usually designed to cover large geographic regions than MANETs.

MESH Network Example

A

Route Discovery

(a) Range of A's broadcast. (b) After B and D have received A's broadcast. (c) After C, F, and G have received A's broadcast. (d) After E, H, and I have received A's broadcast. Shaded nodes are new recipients. Arrows show possible reverse routes.

Route Discovery (2)

Format of a ROUTE REQUEST packet.

When a route request arrive (B and D)

Source address and ID is looked up : no duplicate If route is known then Route Reply, else next step Increment hop count and rebroadcast the Route Request

Route Discovery (3)

Format of a ROUTE REPLY packet.

Route Maintenance

(a) D's routing table before G goes down.

(b) The graph after G has gone down. Use periodic Hello

MANET and MESH Differences

Logical MANET Network

Logical MESH Network

Large Scale MESH Networks

Large Scale deployments are possible with the proper design in place to provide routing nodes connected to wireline networks. Current large scale projects include research into Providing Metropolitan Area Network service across a MESH topology.

WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Telecommunications technology providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways
FROM Point-to-Point links TO full mobile cellular type access

Current devices
The list is growing every day!

Advantages
Carrier Class, High-Speed, Wireless Broadband Lower cost that cellular Greater range than WiFi, Up to 3000 square miles!

Frequency
Non line of site uses 2 Ghz to 11 Ghz. (Similar to WiFi) Line of site as high as 66 Ghz.

WiMAX Forum
WiMAX was created by WiMAX Forum in June 2001. Industry-led, not-forprofit corporation Dedicated to certifying the interoperability of WiMAX Products

WiMAX Forum Certified

Products and marketing materials pass conformance and interoperability testing Display certification

Forum WiMAX Description

A standards-based technology enabling
the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.
www.wimaxforum.org

WiMAX

versus

WiFi

Long range system covering kilometers Similar to Cell phone Quality Service mechanism between Base Station and user device Highly scaleabe

Shorter range system covering hundreds of meters Similar to Cordless Phone Quality Service mechanism similar to fixed Ethernet

Different Providers
Cellular Operators Wireline Carriers Cable Operators MSO-multiple system operators

Main WiMAX Competitors

Nortel Intel Sprint Nextel

WirelessMAN
WirelessMAN is based on IEEE 802.16 standard. WiMAX allows user to browse internet from laptop computer without wall jack.

IEEE Standards
Fixed WiMAX-systems built using 802.16e-2004(802.16d) air interface technology Mobile WiMAX systems built using 802.16e-2005 air interface technology

Key Value
Guaranteed interoperability between networks and devices from multiple vendors A Key Value that ensures a competitive and dynamic industry

References
http://wi-fitechnology.com/papers+reqshowcontent-ie-7-page-2.html http://www.sigcomm.org/sigcomm2006/?tutori als http://www.commsdesign.com/showArticle.jht ml;jsessionid=2FYCYRNWG2MY0QSNDLRCKH0 CJUNN2JVN?articleID=160911814 Basagni, Stefani, Conti, Marco, Giordano, Silva, Stojmenovic, Ivan (2004). Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Your.

References Cont
www://intel.com www://nortel.com www://youtube.com www.apertonet.com http://www.wimaxforum.org/home/