Cost Estimation

Lecture Objectives:
To comprehend:
Measure, Metric, and Indicator LOC Based Costing FP Based Costing

Why do we Measure? To characterize To evaluate To predict To improve

Important Concepts
Measure

(A quantitative indication of an attribute) Measurement (Act of measure) Metrics (A quantitative measure of the degree to possess a given attribute) Indicator (A metric or combination of metrics which provide an insight)

Typical Size-Oriented Metrics

errors per KLOC (thousand lines of code) defects per KLOC $ per LOC page of documentation per KLOC errors / person-month LOC per person-month $ / page of documentation

LOC Based Estimation

An Example of LOC-Based Estimation

Statement of Scope:
The mechanical CAD software will accept two- and three- dimensional geometric data from an engineer. The engineer will interact and control the CAD system through a user interface that will exhibit characteristics of good human/machine interface design. All geometric data and other supporting information will be maintained in a CAD database. Design analysis modules will be developed to produce the required output, which will be displayed on a variety of graphics devices. The software will be designed to control and interact with peripheral devices that include a mouse, digitizer, laser printer, and plotter.

Function
User interface and control facilities (UCIF) Two-dimensional geometric analysis Three-dimensional geometric analysis Database management Computer graphics display facilities Peripheral control function Design Analysis Modules

Estimat ed LOC
2300 5300 6800 3350 4950 2100 8400

Estimated lines of code

33200

How you get estimated LOC

3D geometric Analysis Function: Optimistic LOC = 4600 Most Likely LOC= 6900 Pessimistic LOC= 8600 Estimated LOC For 3D = (Opt. + 4 Most Likely + Pessi.) / 6 = (4600 + 4 (6900) + 8600) / 6 = 6800 LOC

Estimated LOC = 33200 Suppose Organizational Average Productivity = 620 LOC / pm Labor Rate = Rs. 8000 / month

Find cost per LOC, Total Project Cost, and Estimated effort?

Cost per LOC = Labor Rate / Productivity = 8000 / 620 = Rs. 12.90 /LOC

Total Project Cost = Estimated LOC * cost Per LOC = 33200 * 12.90 = Rs. 428280 Estimated Effort = Estimated LOC / Productivity = 33200 / 620 = 54 PM

Typical Function-Oriented Metrics

errors per FP (thousand lines of code) defects per FP $ per FP pages of documentation per FP FP per person-month

Analyzing the Information Domain

measurement parameter number of user inputs count weighting factor simple avg. complex X 3 X 4 X 3 4 5 4 6 7 6 = = =

number of user outputs

number of user inquiries number of files number of ext.interfaces count-total

X 7
X 5

10
7

15
10

=
=

Taking Complexity into Account

Factors are rated on a scale of 0 (not important) to 5 (very important): data communications distributed functions heavily used configuration transaction rate on-line data entry end user efficiency on-line update complex processing installation ease operational ease multiple sites facilitate change

FP = Count Total * [ 0.65 + 0.01 * (Fi) ]

Why Opt for FP Measures?

independent of programming language uses readily countable characteristics of the "information domain" of the problem does not "penalize" inventive implementations that require fewer LOC than others makes it easier to accommodate reuse and the trend toward object-oriented approaches