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What do you see?

Now what do you see?

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 WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE,

WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.

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Perception is YOUR interpretation of reality after information/stimuli is Filtered out Selected Organized Defined .using YOUR existing Knowledge Needs Beliefs Values Assumptions Attitudes
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DEFINING PERCEPTION
The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.

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INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
Physiology: Differences in sensory abilities
Age: Changes attitudes on time; more experience the older we get Culture: Different beliefs

Social Roles: Different roles we take on during our lives (sister, brother, wife, husband, student, instructor, etc.)
Cognitive Abilities: Think multi dimensionally about different situations

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FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

Characteristics of the perceiver:
The perceptual process is influenced by the

perceivers:
Past experiences. Needs or motives. Personality. Values and attitudes.

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Characteristics of the setting:

The perceptual process is influenced by the settings: Physical context. Social context. Organizational context.

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Characteristics of the perceived: The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event, such as:
Contrast. Intensity. Figure-ground separation. Size. Motion. Repetition or novelty.

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STAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Information attention and selection: Selective screening. Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information that bombards a person. Two types of selective screening. Controlled processing. Screening without perceivers conscious awareness.

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Organization of information:
Schemas:
Cognitive frameworks that represent organized

knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.

Types of schemas: Self schemas. Person schemas. Script schemas. Person-in-situation schemas.

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Information interpretation:
Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are grouped. People may interpret the same information differently or

make different attributions about information.

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Information retrieval:
Attention and selection, organization, and

interpretation are part of memory.

Information stored in memory must be retrieved in

order to be used.

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Response to the perceptual process:

Thoughts. Feelings. Actions.

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COMMON PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS/ SHORT CUTS?

Stereotypes or prototypes:
Combines information based on the category or class

to which a person, situation, or object belongs.

Strong impact at the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured.

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Halo effects:
Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is

used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation. Likely to occur in the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured. Important in the performance appraisal process.

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Selective perception:
The tendency to single out those aspects of a situation,

person, or object that are consistent with ones needs, values, or attitudes. Strongest impact is at the attention stage. Perception checking with other persons can help counter the adverse impact of selective perception.

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Projection:
The assignment of ones personal attributes to other

individuals. Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage. Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-awareness and empathy.

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Contrast effects:

Occur when an individual is compared to other people

on the same characteristics on which the others rank

higher or lower.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy:
The tendency to create or find in another situation or

individual that which one expected to find. Also called the Pygmalion effect. Can have either positive or negative outcomes. Managers should adopt positive and optimistic approaches to people at work.

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WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:
Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved

in the event.

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ATTRIBUTION THEORY
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
observation Interpretation H Distictinctiveness L

Attribution of cause
External Internal

H Individual behavior Consensus L

External Internal

H Consistency L

Internal External

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H high L- Low

Distinctiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation

Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?

YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness

No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus

Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency

Internal Attribution

External Attributio n

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THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS 1. Sensation An individuals ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. 2. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.
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3. Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage. 4. Translation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature, Location, Size, contrast, Movement, repetition, similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs, age, Interest,

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

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FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity
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SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS:

1.) Employment Interview 2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy) 3.) Performance Evaluation 4.) Employee Effort

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MODEL OF THE PERCEPTION PROCESS

External phenomena (objective reality) Frame of reference filter

Past experiences:
Knowledge Feelings

Phenomenon 1 Phenomenon 2

The five senses and the mind

Phenomenon 3

Observation & selection of focus

Analytical process

Present experience:
Knowledge change Current feelings New analytical process

Assignment of meaning (person's reality)

Behavior of person

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