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prevalence of obesity and asthma among youth and young adults. The target population is high school students Multiple health behaviors include drinking, smoking, exercise, eating habits, etc.
independent variable
One independent variable One dependent variable The basic test uses F distribution Comparing means is a special case of a regression
analysis
Error
Research design
Between-subjects design*: different individuals are
assigned to different groups (level of independent variable). Within-subjects design: all the participants are exposed to several conditions.
Data considerations
Independent variable (factor variable) is categorical.
Dependent variable should be quantitative (interval
level of measurement).
Assumptions
Independent: each group is an independent random
sample from a normal population. Normality: analysis of variance is robust to departures from normality, although the data should be symmetric. Homogeneity: the groups should come from populations with equal variances.
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Example:
Research design: between-subjects design
Research question: Is there a difference in sedentary
and 12th grade (Q3r). One dependent variable: sedentary behavior (Q81: How many hours watch TV) Higher score of Q81 = More hours on watching TV.
SPSS.
Select Analyze
combinations of pairs of groups (6 comparions) If the F ratios for the independent variable is significant To determine which groups differ from which It is a follow-up analysis Check Tukey checkbox Click Continue
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Options
In the Display box: check Descriptive statistics Estimate of effect size Homogeneity test
SPSS output
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SPSS output
The Levens test is about equal variance. p = .48, means homogeneous variances across four groups.
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SPSS output
There was a significant difference across four grades in Q81, Q3r accounting for 1% of the total variance in Q81.
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SPSS output
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Results
The one-way ANOVA test showed there was a statistically significant difference across grade levels in sedentary behavior, F (3, 15709) = 26.86, p <.01, partial 2 = .01. A Tukey HSD test indicated that 9th (M = 3.91, SD = 1.76) and 10th (M = 3.83, SD= 1.76) graders spent more time on watching TV on average school day than 11th (M = 3.65, SD = 1.71)and 12th (M = 3.61, SD = 1.71) graders did (p < .01).
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levels of an independent variable. Each independent variable has its own main effect. One interaction effect: reflects the effect associated with the various combinations of two independent variables.
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Example:
Research design: between-subjects design
Research question: Is there a different relationship
and 12th grade (Q3r); Gender (Q2) with two levels: female and male. One dependent variable: sedentary behavior (Q81)
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SPSS output
Select Analyze
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SPSS output
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SPSS output
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SPSS output
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way ANOVA (Tukey as Post hoc test). Selecting Male (use select cases), then running one-way ANOVA (Tukey as Post hoc test).
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Females
Males
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Results
The sedentary behavior was analyzed by means of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA test with four levels of grade and two levels of gender. All effects were statistically significant. The interaction effect, F (3, 15687) = 2.73, p < .05, partial 2 = .001, was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD comparison test.
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Results
For males, 9th and 10th graders spent more time on watching TV on average school day than 11th and 12th graders did. For females, the pattern was different. There was no difference found in sedentary behavior between 10th and 12th graders. Those results, collectively, produced the significant interaction effect.
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Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
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