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Identifies the direction of a process. (e.g.: Heat can only spontaneously transfer from a hot object to a cold object, not vice versa) Used to determine the Quality of energy. (e.g.: A high-temperature energy source has a higher quality since it is easier to extract energy from it to deliver useable work.) Used to exclude the possibility of constructing 100% efficient heat engine and perpetual-motion machines. (violates the Kevin-Planck and the Clausius statements of the second law) Used to introduce concepts of reversible processes and irreversibilities. Determines the theoretical performance limits of engineering systems. (e.g.: A Carnot engine is theoretically the most efficient heat engine; its performance can be used as a standard for other practical engines)
Second-law.ppt Modified 10/9/02
TH QH Wnet
Heat engine
DQ-Wnet=DU (since DU=0 for a cycle) Wnet=QH-QL Thermal efficiency, hth is defined as hth=Wnet/QH=(QH-QL)/QH =1-(QL/QH) Question: Can we produce an 100% heat engine, i.e. a heat engine where QL=0?
QL TL
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Kevin-Planck Statement
The Kelvin-Planck Statement is another expression of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that: It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce net work. This statement is without proof, however it has not been violated yet. Consequently, it is impossible to built a heat engine that is 100%. A heat engine has to reject some energy into a lower temperature sink in order to complete the cycle.
TH QH
Heat engine
Wnet
TH>TL in order to operate the engine. Therefore, the higher the temperature, TH, the higher the quality of the energy source and more work is produced.
QH
Heat pump/ Refrigerator
Wnet
QL
For a Refrigerator: COPR=QL/Wnet=QL/(QH-QL) = 1/(QH/QL-1) Note: COPHP = COPR + 1 COPHP>1, ex: a typical heat pump has a COP in the order of 3 Question: Can one build a heat pump operating COP= , that is Wnet= 0 and QH=Q?
TL
Clausius Statement
The Clausius Statement is another expression of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a highertemperature body. Similar to the K-P Statement, it is a negative statement and has no proof, it is based on experimental observations and has yet to be violated. Heat can not be transferred from low temperature to higher temperature unless external work is supplied.
TH
Therefore, it is impossible to build a heat pump or a refrigerator without external work input.
QH
Heat pump
QL
TL
TH
QH
Heat engine Wnet =QH
TH
QL
QH+QL
Heat pump Heat pump
QL TL
QL TL
Heat transfer from low-temp body to high-temp body without work; A violation of the Clausius statement
TH QH
Heat engine Heat pump
QH
Wnet=QL
Win = QH-QL
QL
Ocean TL Perpetual Motion Machines, PMM, are classified into two types: PMM1- Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind: They violate the First Law of Thermodynamics PMM2 - Perpetual Motion Machines of the Second Kind : Violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversible Processes and Irreversibilities (contd) A work-producing device which employs quasi-equlibrium or reversible processes produces the maximum amount of work theoretically possible. A work-consuming device which employs quasi-equilibrium or reversible processes requires the minimum amount of work theoretically possible. One of the most common idealized cycles that employs all reversible processes is called the Carnot Cycle proposed in 1824 by Sadi Carnot.