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The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia is not known It is accepted, that schizophrenia is the group of schizophrenias which origin is multifactorial:
internal factors genetic, inborn, biochemical external factors trauma, infection of CNS, stress
The most influential and plausible are the hypotheses, based on the supposed disorder of neurotransmission in the brain, derived mainly from
1.
2.
the effects of antipsychotic drugs that have in common the ability to inhibit the dopaminergic system by blocking action of dopamine in the brain dopamine-releasing drugs (amphetamine, mescaline, diethyl amide of lysergic acid - LSD) that can induce state closely resembling paranoid schizophrenia
Classical dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Psychotic symptoms are related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic systems during schizophrenia is result of increased sensitivity and density of dopamine D2 receptors in the different parts of the brain.
Dopamine hypothesis revisited: various neurotransmitter systems probably takes place in the etiology of schizophrenia (norepinephric, serotonergic, glutamatergic, some peptidergic systems); based on effects of atypical antipsychotics especially.
Contemporary models of schizophrenia conceptualize it as a neurocognitive disorder, with the various signs and symptoms reflecting the downstream effects of a more fundamental cognitive deficit:
the symptoms of schizophrenia arise from cognitive dysmetria (Nancy C. Andreasen) concept of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder (Daniel R. Weinberger)
Neurodevelopmental model supposes in schizophrenia the presence of silent lesion in the brain, mostly in the parts, important for the development of integration (frontal, parietal and temporal), which is caused by different factors (genetic, inborn, infection, trauma...) during very early development of the brain in prenatal or early postnatal period of life.
It does not interfere too much with the basic brain functioning in early years, but expresses itself in the time, when the subject is stressed by demands of growing needs for integration, during formative years in adolescence and young adulthood.
Extrapyramidal syndrome is a condition that causes involuntary muscle movements or spasms that usually occur in the face and neck. It occurs when the release and re-uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine is not regulated correctly. Muscle movement problems that may accompany extrapyramidal syndrome include constantly
smacking the lips moving the tongue, blinking, neck twitches and finger spasms.
Neuroleptics
Mild Strength
Generic name Chlorprothixene Levomepromazine Perazine Promethazine Prothipendyl Sulpiride Thioridazine Truxal
Brand names
Levium, Levomepromazine Neuraxph., Neurocil Perazin Neuraxph., Taxilan Atosil, Closin, Promethazin Neuraxph., Proneurin, Prothazin Dominal Dogmatil, Dogmatyl, Sulpirid Melleril, Thioridazin Neuraxph.
iMedium
Strength
Generic name
Zuclopenthixol
Brand names
Cisordinol, Clopixol
Strong Strength
Strong Strength
Generic name
Benperidol
Bromperidol decanoate
Benperidol Neuraxph., Glianimon Impromen Anatensol, Dapotum D, Deconoat, Fludecate, Modecate, Prolixin Decanoate, Sinqualone
Fluphenazine
Dapotum Injektion, Flunanthate, Moditen enanthate Enanthate Injection, Sinqualone Enantat Dapotum, Permitil, Prolixin, hydrochloride Lyogen, Moditen, Omca, Sediten, Selecten, Sevinol, Siqualone, Trancin Fluspi, Fluspirilen Beta, Imap Haldol, Serenase Orap
Generic name Amisulpride Aripiprazole Asenapine Benztropine Buspirone Chlorpromazine Clozapine Flupenthixol Iloperidone Melperone Olanzapine Paliperidone Penfluridol Quetiapine Risperidone Sertindole Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Ziprasidone Zotepine
Brand names Solian Abilify Saphris Cogentin Ansial, Ansiced, Anxiron, Axoren, Bespar, Buspar, Buspimen, Buspinol, Buspisal, Narol Largactil, Thorazine Clozaril, Fazaclo, Leponex Depixol, Fluanxol Fanapt Eunerpan, Melneurin Zyprexa Invega, Invega Sustenna Semap Seroquel Belivon, Risperdal, Risperdal Consta Serdolect, Serlect Navane Eskazinyl, Eskazine, Jatroneural, Modalina, Stelazine, Terfluzine, Trifluoperaz, Triftazin Geodon, Zeldox Nipolept
Atypical Neuroleptics