Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
List the defining characteristics of protozoa Describe the major characteristics of the six phyla of protozoa and give examples Define intermediate and definitive host Distinguish characteristics of the three groups of parasitic helminthes and give examples
Resource - Chatterjee Ch 1
Definitions
Medical parasitology: the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans A parasite: a living organism that acquires some of its basic nutritional requirements through its intimate contact with another living organism. Parasites may be simple unicellular protozoa or complex multicellular metazoa Eukaryote: a cell with a well-defined chromosome in a membrane-bound nucleus. All parasitic organisms are eukaryotes Protozoa: unicellular organisms, e.g. Plasmodium (malaria) Metazoa: multicellular organisms, e.g. helminths (worms) and arthropods (ticks, lice) An endoparasite: a parasite that lives within another living organism e.g. malaria, Giardia An ectoparasite: a parasite that lives on the external surface of another living organism e.g. lice, ticks
Symbiosis
------The relationship between two living beings (animals). Two living beings live together and involve protection or other advantages to one or both partner. Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism*
Commensalism
------ Both partners are able to lead independent lives, but one may gain advantage from the association when they are together. Dont harm each other.
Fig. A female pea crab in the mantle cavity of its mussel host. The crab does not damage the mussel and uses its shell purely for protection
Mutualism
------ An association which is beneficial to both living things.
Fig. A selection of ciliates from the rumen. The rumen contains enormous numbers of ciliates that break down cellulose in the feed.
Definitions
Host: the organism in, or on, which the parasite lives and causes harm Definitive host: the organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives Intermediate host: the organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only
Reservoir host : Animals harboring the same species of parasites as man. Potential sources of human infection.
Zoonosis: a parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host - but the parasite also infects man Vector: a living carrier (e.g. an arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host. A typical example is the female Anopheles mosquito that transmits malaria
Nematodes
Taxonomy
Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Phylum
Subphylum Subphylum
Protozoa Sarcomastigophora
Sarcodina amoeba Mastigophora (Flagellates)
Entamoeba, Nagleria Giardia, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Isospora Balantidium Microsporidium
Phylum
Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
Phylum Phylum
Terms
Mastigophora movement with flagella e.g. giardia, trichomonas
Sarcodina pseudopodia e.g. entamoeba Apicomplexa apical complex, no locomotor apparatus; sexual reproduction e.g. plasmodium, toxoplasma, cryptosporidium Ciliophora Movement with cilia e.g. Balantidium
Reproduction Asexual
Binary fission Multiple fissions or schizogony
Sexual
Conjugation in ciliates Syngamy e.g. Plasmodia
Protozoa
Intestinal
Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) Giardiasis Balantidium coli Opportunistic infections Isospora belli -doCryptosporidium -doFree living amoeba Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis & Keratitis
Vaginal
Trichomonas vaginalis Viginal infections
Blood
Plasmodium Malaria Leishmania Kala Azar Trypanosoma Sleeping sickness
Tissue
Toxoplasma gondii - Toxoplasmosis
Platyhelminths
Cestodes
Taenea saginata -Beef tape worm Taenea solium - Pork tape worm Echinococcus granulosus -Dog tape worm Diphylobothrium latum Fish tape worm Hymenolepis nana Dwarf tape worm
Trematodes
Schistosoma Blood flukes Fasciola hepatica - Liver fluke Parogonymus westermanii -Lung fluke
Nematodes
The intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Round worm Ancylostoma duodenale Hook worm Trichuris trichura Whip worm Enterobius vermicularis Thread worm / Pinworm Strongyloides stercoralis Dwarf Thread worm The blood- and tissue dwelling nematodes Wuchereria - Filariasis Trichinella spiralis Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm Oncocerca volvulus River blindness Loa Loa
Effects of the parasites on the host Effects of the host on the parasites
Immune response
Allergy/ Hypersensitivity