Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Two perpendicular coordinate lines that intersect at the 0 create the coordinate axes in the plane The origin O of the coordinate system is the point in the plane where x and y are both zero.

The ordered pair (a, b) is assigned to the point P and is called its coordinate pair. The first number a is the x-coordinate (or abscissa) of P; the second number b is the y-coordinate (or ordinate) of P.

Cartesian coordinates in the plane are based on two perpendicular axes intersecting at the origin.
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Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

This coordinate system is called the Rectangular Coordinate System or Cartesian Coordinate System When a particle moves from one point in the plane to another, the net changes in its coordinates are called increments. They are calculated by subtracting the coordinates of the starting point from the coordinates of the ending point. If X changes from X1 to X2 the increment in X is Example In going from the point A(4, -3) to the point B(2, 5) the in the x and y coordinate are:

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Slope The slope of the non-vertical line

P1P2 is

The slope tells us the direction (uphill, downhill) and steepness of a line. A line with positive slope rises uphill to the right; one with negative slope falls downhill to the right. The greater the absolute value of the slope, the more rapid the rise or fall.
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Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

The slope of a vertical line is undefined. Since the run is zero for a vertical line, we cannot evaluate the slope ratio m. Slope calculating when angle of inclination is known

Angles of inclination are measured counterclockwise from the X-axis. Point-slope equation

It is the line that passes through the point (x1, y1) and has slope m.
Example

Solution

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Example Solution

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Parallel Lines
Lines that are parallel have equal angles of inclination.
So they have the same slope (if they are not vertical). Conversely, lines with equal slopes have equal angles of inclination and so are parallel.

Perpendicular Lines
If two non-vertical lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular, their slopes m1 and m2 satisfy m1 m2 = -1 So each slope is the negative reciprocal of the other:

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Distance between two points in the Plane

Pythagorean Theorem

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Example

Calculating distances

Circles in the Plane By definition, a circle of radius a is the set of all points P(x, y) whose distance from some center C(h, k) equals a. From the distance formula, P lies on the circle if and only if

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Example (a) The equation for the circle of radius 2 centered at (3, 4) is (b) The circle From

Example Finding a Circles Center and Radius

Solution

Ch. : PRELIMINARIES 1: 1.1

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Parabolas equations is in the form

Example

Some points whose coordinates satisfy this equation are

These points (and all others satisfying the equation) make up a smooth curve called a parabola. This parabola has (axis of symmetry) in the y-axis.

A vertex of a parabola is the point where the Parabola and axis cross.
The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.

The larger the value of the narrower the parabola

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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Example Graphing a Parabola

Solution

Plot some points, sketch the axis, you know the direction, then complete the graph.
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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

The set of points:

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1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

- b [b - 4ac] /2a

Solve exercises 1---to---67, and 73--- to 80

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