By

SYED ASGHAR ABBAS NAQVI

CLASSIFICATION
COMPRESSOR
INTERMITTENT FLOW CONTINOUS FLOW

POSTIVE DISPLACEMNT

DYNAMIC

EJECTOR

ROTARY

RECIPROCATING

RADIAL

MIXED
FLOW

FLOW
SLIDING VANE LIQUID PISTON HELICAL LOBE SCREW
LOBED BLOWER MECHANICAL PISTON

AXIAL FLOW

CENTRIFUGAL

MIXED FLOW

AXIAL

Reciprocating Compressor
In a reciprocating compressor, a volume of gas is drawn into a cylinder, it is trapped, and compressed by piston and then discharged into the discharge line. The cylinder valves control the flow of gas through the cylinder; these valves act as check valves. There are two types of reciprocating compressor.

Reciprocating Compressor Types

Single Acting compressor
It is a compressor that has one discharge per revolution of crankshaft.

Double Acting Compressor

It is a compressor that completes two discharge strokes per revolutions of crankshaft. Most heavy-duty compressors are double acting..

Reciprocating Compressor

Reciprocating Compressor
Different parts of double acting compressor are listed below.
Suction valve. Suction gas jacket. Piston. Cylinder. Discharge valve. Discharge gas jacket

Reciprocating Compressor

Construction of Reciprocating Compressors can Reciprocating compressors

two main groups.
1. 2.

be divided into

Gas end. Power end.

Gas End
GAS END
Parts of the reciprocating compressor that handle process gas are grouped in this category.

Cylinder & Liner

Piston reciprocates inside a cylinder. To provide for reduced reconditioning cost, the cylinder may be fitted with a liner or sleeve. A cylinder or liner usually wears at the points where the piston rings rub against it. Because of the weight of the piston, wear is usually greater at the bottom of a horizontal cylinder. A cylinder liner is usually counter bored near the ends of the outer ring travel i.e. counter bores are made just ahead of the points where the end piston rings stop and reverse direction. Shoulders may form in the liner where the rings travel stops unless counter bores are provided.

Piston
For low speed compressors (upto 330 rpm) and medium speed compressors (330-600 rpm), pistons are usually made of cast iron. Upto 7 diameter cast iron pistons are made of solids. Those of more than 7 diameters are usually hollow (to reduce cost). Carbon pistons are sometimes used for compressing oxygen and other gases that must be kept free of lubricant.

 As the compressor reaches operating temperature, the piston and rod expand more than liner/cylinder does. In order to prevent seizure adequate clearance should be provided, at the same time clearance must be close enough to permit adequate support of piston rings. Similarly end clearance is also important.

A cold piston is usually installed with one third of its

end clearance on the crank end and two third of its end clearance on the head end.

PISTON ROD AND PISTON

Generally, the piston rod is fastened to the piston by means of special nut that is prevented from unscrewing. The surface of the rod has suitable degree of finish designed to minimize wear on the sealing areas as much as possible. The piston is provided with grooves for piston rings and rider rings.

PISTON ROD AND PISTON

Piston rod packing

Piston rod packing ensures sealing of the compressed gas. The piston rod packing consists of series of cups each containing several seal rings side by side. The rings are built of three sectors, held together by a spring installed in the groove running around the outside of the ring. The entire set of cups is held in place by stud bolts. Inside channels are there for cooling, gas recovery and lubrication of the piston rod packing.

Piston rod packing

Piston rod packing

Piston rod packing

Piston rod packing

Oil Seal
An arrangement of scraper rings serves to keep the oil, entrained by piston rod, from leaking out of the crankcase. The oil scraped is returned to the crankcase reservoir.

Oil Seal
An arrangement of scraper rings serves to keep the oil, entrained by piston rod, from leaking out of the crankcase. The oil scraped is returned to the crankcase reservoir.

Piston Rings
Piston rings provide a seal that prevents or minimizes leakage through piston and liner. Metal piston rings are made either in one piece, with a gap or in several segments. Gaps in the rings allow them to move out or expand as the compressor reaches operating temperature. Rings of heavy piston are sometimes given bronze, Babbitt or Teflon expanders or riders. Lubrication is a must for metallic rings. Teflon rings with Teflon rider bands are sometimes used to support the piston when the gas do not permit use of a lubricant.

Piston Rings

Head
The ends of cylinder are equipped with removable heads, these heads may contain water/liquid jacket for cooling. One end is called head-end head and other crank-end head. The crank-end contains packing (a set of metallic packing rings) to prevent gas leakage around piston rod. Valves There are normally three types of valves, these are 1. Plate valve. 2. Channel valve. 3. Poppet valve.

Plate Valve
Heavy-duty compressors use a form of plate valve. The part that closes against a valve seat is a flat metal plate. The plates are held tightly against the seat by a set of springs.

Channel Valve
These valves use channel shaped plates instead of flat plates. Above each channel is a bowed, steel tension spring. Spring pushes from the stop plate and channels cover the slots in the valve seat.

Poppet Valve

These are shaped like the valves in an automobile engine. These are separate, round poppets to seat against holes in the valve seats. Poppets are made of low friction material (e.g. Bakelite), they provide a lowpressure drop and are often used when ratios of compression are low and also for high flow rates.

Valves
The valves are of automatic type. They open due to the effect of the differential pressure between cylinder and the suction or discharge chambers, and close due to the force of springs acting on the plates plus the differential pressure across the valves.

Major Components of Valves

Seat

The main body of valve that withstands the differential pressure when the valve is closed

Major Components of Valves contd.

Counter seat Rings
The valve component that limits the lift and contains the springs The element that withstands the differential pressure, ensuring gas seal The element that acts on the rings, causing valve closing The element that determines the valve lift. These elements fasten all the components together.

Spring Shim

Stud bolt, nut & pin

Power End
Parts of reciprocating compressor that assist in transferring power and converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion are grouped in this category.

Crank Case
Crank case supports the crankshaft. All bearing supports are bored under setup condition to ensure perfect alignment. Crankcase is provided with easy removable covers on the top for inspection and maintenance. The bottom of the crankcase serves as the oil reservoir. A main pump for lubrication of the crank mechanism is placed on the shield mounted on the side opposite the coupling and is driven by compressor.

Crankshaft
The crankshaft is built in a single piece. On the inside of the shaft are holes for passage and distribution of lube oil. Main Bearings The main bearings are built in two halves, made of steel, with inner coating of antifriction metal.

Connecting Rods The connecting rod has two bearings. The big end
bearing is built in two halves. It is made of metal with inner coating of antifriction metal. The connecting rod small end bearing is build of steel, with inner coating of antifriction metal. A hole runs through the connecting rod for its entire length, to allow passage of oil from the big end to the small end bush.

Connecting Rods

Connecting Rods

Crosshead
Crosshead fastens piston rod to the connecting rod. The sliding surfaces of crosshead are coated with antifriction metal i.e. babbited shoes. These are of interchangeable type. That permits it to slide back and forth within the crosshead guides. The shoes have channels for the distribution of lube oil. The lubrication is obtained under pressure; it comes out from the two guides of the crosshead slide body. Connection between connecting rod and crosshead is realized by means of a gudgeon pin. The piston rod is connected to the crosshead by nut arrangement, tightened by means of hydraulic device.

Crosshead

Crosshead

Lubrication
Lubricants reduce friction and therefore wear between moving compressor parts. Lubricant also serves as a coolant.

Lubrication Systems
SPLASH SYSTEM

Generally, two types of systems are uses to lubricate the positive displacement compressors. It is used in older machines. A supply is maintained in the crankcase. Oil is splashed up by the rotation of the crank and the counter weight into the collecting ring. Centrifugal force throws the oil outward through an oil passage to the crank pin.

Splash Lubrication

Forced Feed System

STRAINER

Oil is pumped under pressure to the required parts. Following are the main parts of system:

Oil from the crankcase first passes through a coarse strainer. The strainer is removable so that chips or broken off pieces can be cleaned out of the strainer.

Forced Feed System

Bypass Relief Valve

The compressor will be completely damaged if the oil flow is appreciably reduced or stopped by a plugged filter. In order to prevent this damage, forced feed system is fitted with a bypass relief valve, a low-pressure alarm and bypass shutdown. If this filter becomes plugged, inlet pressure to the filter increases. If the inlet pressure exceeds spring pressure, the bypass valve opens allowing oil to return to the crankcase. Oil pressure in the system falls, the low-pressure alarm causes the compressor to shutdown.

Oil Circulation System lubricated, To keep bearings

oil is supplied under pressure to the bearings. The lubrication system keeps a supply of cool and clean oil flowing to the system. A sufficient quantity of oil is stored in a reservoir.

Oil Cooler
Oil flows from the pump to cooler. The oil in the cooler flows through the tubes. The cooling water on the shell side absorbs heat from the oil. Generally, oil temperature is kept between 40 50C. Oil cooler than 40C can lead to condensation of water inside the crank case. Moisture can promote sludging of oil. Temperature of oil higher than 50 C can decrease strength of bearing materials (Babbitt), that can lead to premature failure. In order to maintain the desired temperature range, the oil system has a bypass valve upstream the cooler that is controlled by a thermostat.

CO2 Compressor
In a reciprocating compressor, a volume of gas is drawn into a cylinder, it is trapped, and compressed by piston and then discharged into the discharge line. The cylinder valves control the flow of gas through the cylinder; these valves act as check valves. The compressor, which has been selected, is used to compress CO2 gas. It is driven by electric motor and is manufactured by M/s Nuovo Pignone, Italy. It is a multistage, double acting reciprocating compressor of four stages. The crankshaft is directly coupled to the electric motor and flywheel.

Oil Cooler

Interstage Cooler

Cylinder Cooling

Lubricated Piston/Packing

Outboard Bearing

Clearance Pocket

Packing Lubrication

Piston Lubrication

Maintenance Procedure
Lubrication system Gudgeon pins of crosshead

Periodic Maintenance (Every 4000 hours of operation)

Change the oil. Clean filters and oil sump. Check and tighten the fastening screws, if necessary.

Lock nuts of crosshead Check and tighten if necessary. Piston rings & rider rings If compressor operation shows deterioration, proceed for replacement. Rod packing If the behavior of the compressor indicates deterioration proceed for replacement. Check the seats, springs, rings and lift. Replace if necessary.

Compressor valves Note:

After 8000 hours of operation it is advisable to replace all parts in movement.

Every 16000 hours of Operation

Maintenance Procedure
Check clearances between shoes and guides. Inspect for any scoring caused by dirt in oil. Check tightening of counterweight. Check for wear and ovalizing. Check for wear, and tightening of nut.

Main bearings & connecting Check wear and clearances. rod bearings Crosshead Crankshaft

Cylinder liner Piston rod

Maintenance Procedures & Safety

Recommendations & Precautionary Measures
Gather all tools necessary for service in a container near the machine. Use the set of special tools and instruction supplied by manufacturer. Isolate the compressor from the process gas. Make sure that the driver cannot be started. During assembly, fully comply with assembly drawings. Follow bolt torque sequence and torque values given in instruction manual. When hoisting systems are used, ensure that they are perfect.

Maintenance Procedures & Safety

(contd.)

After maintenance, machine shall be rotated slowly for at leas on revolution to ensure no interference. Whenever a component is disassembled. Make sure of the absence of defects before re-using. The person responsible for maintenance should ensure that all parts installed are perfectly clean. After, maintenance on cylinders and sealing rings ensure that all the lube oil pipes are filed with oil. This could be checked by loosening the pipefitting. Tighten the pipe fitting again.

Maintenance Procedures & Safety Do not use a chisel to to the (contd.) slideremove gaskets attached and surface. surface. Carefully a blade between gasket

Damaging to the compressor-sealing surface can be avoided in this way. If the bearings are found damaged, perform thorough cleaning to avoid further damage due to contamination of oil by metallic particles.

Problems & Troubleshooting

Trouble Possible Cause Remedy Excessive noise or abnormal noise. Misalignment and looseness. Excessive press pulsation. Excessive entrainment of condensate

Restore correct tightening of flywheel Check support bearings. Correct alignment. Perform correct tightening of foundation. Restore compressor design operating conditions. Restore the minimum condensate level in knock out drum. Increase frequency of drawing clean separators. Add drain valves at points where liquid accumulates. Repeat assembly, following the correct order. Restore their fastening. Correct position of the valves. Restore the surfaces on which the valve rests.

Incorrect assembly Loosening of cylinder valves

Trouble

Problems & Troubleshooting

Possible Causes Remedy

contd.

Abnormal Insufficient cooling temperature gas discharge Leakage of gas from gaskets

Increase cooling fluid rate. Clean the cooling system. Utilize a fluid that gives lower deposits. Apply adequate tightening torque. Replace damaged gaskets. Restore sealing surface. Restore clearances between piston rings and their grooves. Replace worn out rings.

Gas flow rate not at required value.

Inadequate piston ring seal.

Excessive leakage of Correctly install packing seal. gas from packing. Restore proper clearance. Restore / replace piston rod.