JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER

ANKIT SURANA (ECE, 3rd Year) PULIN AGGARWAL (ECE,3RD Year)

INTRODUCTION
Most sophisticated computer access technology. Detect the presence and location of a touch.

Refers to touch or contact of a device using either finger or stylus.

Eliminates the need for the mouse and keyboard.

It has two main attributes:

Enables to interact with what is displayed on screen. No intermediate devices required.

HISTORY
First screen developed by E.A. Johnson at Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, UK in the second half of 1960s. Came out in 1972 as part of the PLATO project. In 1977, TOUCHSCREENS. The HP-150 from 1983 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computers. In 2004, Nintendo DS became the first Touch Screen Games. Introduction of advanced touch screen technologies leading to the commercialization of tablet PCs, PDAs, and touch-screen phones.

TECHNOLOGIES
Resistive. Capacitive. Surface Acoustic Wave.

Infrared.
Strain Gauge. Optical Imaging. Dispersive Signal Technologies. Acoustic Pulse Recognition.

1. RESISTIVE
Use thin, flexible membrane, usually polyester film (Mylar), separated from a glass or plastic substrate by insulating spacers. 2 Resistive Surfaces (Idium-Tin-Oxide) Metallically-coated Insulating Space Touch compresses and forms closed circuit. Most widely used due to its simple structure. 2 Types 1. Matrix (digital) Striped electrodes on substrates such as glass or plastic face each other 2. Analogue Transparent electrodes without any patterning facing each other Low production costs Four Wire System , Five Wire System and Eight Wire System.

RESISTIVE: How does it works?

2 Parallel Sheets If there is no pressure applied electronically separated Applied pressure impedance between the 2 sheets is lowered at the touch point. Measurement of X & Y Coordinates: Top sheet carries a voltage gradient by applying a voltage between the electrodes of top sheet Bottom sheet serves as a slide in a linear potentiometer.

Voltage Gradient R
9/10V

8/10V

Equal voltage drop across each resistor in voltage gradient. Dependent upon resistance value. Linear Potentiometers Linear potentiometers are sensors that produce a resistance output proportional to the displacement or position Resistance value changes with rotation of screw Measurement of the touch point resistance is valuable Value varies depending upon force applied

FOUR WIRE RESISTIVE SYSTEM

FIVE WIRE RESISTIVE SYSTEM

The construction of the panels are similar with 4-wire technology, but for a 5-wire touch screen all four bus bars are connected to the lower, non-flexible layer of the screen.
The flexible layer is always used as a sense layer to read the voltage connection point to the bottom layer.

EIGHT WIRE RESISTIVE SYSTEM

2. CAPACITIVE
Conductive lower coating (Indium-Tin-Oxide). No top coating, only rigid protective cover. Finger serves as second conducting layer. All glass and have no flexing parts. Resistive ITO or TAO (Tin Arsenic Oxide) sensor coatings but have no membrane. Touching results in a distortion of the electrostatic field.

CAPACITIVE: How does it works?

Capacitive touch screen uses Alternating Current (AC). Impedance is equivalent to resistor in AC circuit, V = iZ; where Z = (1/jwC) C = Capacitance = (erA)/d Human body achieves capacitance and conducts current. Touch Event ->Voltage drop at the point of touching. Affects strength of current across ITO surface. Voltage gradient across surface Conductive ITO surface allows for continuous current across the surface. R R R
10V 9V

1pF

1pF

 Electronic circuits located underneath ITO surface measure the resulting distortion in the sine waves produced by voltage drop as a result of the touch event.
Touch Event R R R

10V

9V

1pF

20 pF

CAPACITIVE: Pros and Cons

Advantages:
Not affected by outside elements. High clarity. Multi touch support available. High touch resolution.
Disadvantages: Must be touched by finger. More expensive.

SURFACE AND PROJECTED CAPACITANCE

Only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer.

Surface Capacitance:

Projected Capacitance:

Permits more accurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer.

3. Surface acoustic wave

Rely on absorption of sound energy by the finger or stylus touching the screen. Materials used: Transducers One glass screen Reflectors Sensors Two transducers are placed along the X and Y axes and generate sound waves. The waves propagate across the glass and are reflected back to the sensors. When screen touched, a portion of the wave is reflected back to the sensors immediately. The sensor is able to tell if the wave has been disturbed by a touch event at any instant, and can locate it accordingly.

SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE: How does it works?

How can the sensors tell?

Waves travel at the speed of sound o Speed of Sound = 343 m/s Based on the time it takes for the wave to return to the source, the sensor can tell if it was disturbed or not. If it was, based on the time it takes to get back to the source, the sensor can calculate the distance. These calculations will generate (X,Y) coordinates

SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE : Pros and Cons

Advantage:
High touch resolution. 100% clarity because of the lack of metallic layers in the screen. Glass panel.

Disadvantages:
Touched by finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus. Not completely sealable. Screen can become contaminated and cease to operate correctly.

4. INFRARED
It employs one of two very different methodologies. Use an array of infrared light-emitting diodes.

INFRARED: Pros and Cons

Advantages:
Military applications. Have the most durable surfaces.

Disadvantages:
Relatively high cost. Issue of performance in bright ambient light.

5. Strain gauge
The screen is spring-mounted on the four corners. Used to determine deflection when the screen is touched.

6. Optical imaging
Two or more image sensors are placed around the edges of the screen. Revolutionizes the way we interface with computer technology.

7. Dispersive signal technology

Chemically-strenghtened glass substrate with piezos mounted on each corner. Determines position by pinpointing the source of bending waves.

Disadvantages:
After the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger.

8. Acoustic pulse recognition

Uses four piezoelectric transducers located at each side of the screen. Turn the mechanical energy of a touch into an electronic signal.

Advantages:
Optics and durability of pure glass. Works with finger, glove, pen. Resistant to water, dust, grease.

Disadvantages:
After the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger.

COMPARISON OF TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGIES

Technology Durability: 4-Wire 5 year SAW 5 Year 5-Wire 3 Year Infrared 3 Year Capacitive 2 Year

Stability:
Touch: Response time: Monitor option: Waterproof:

High
Anything <10ms CRT Good

Higher
Finger/Pen 10ms CRT Ok

High
Anything <15ms CRT or LCD Good

High
Sharp <20ms CRT or LCD Ok

Ok
Conductive <15ms CRT or LCD Good

CONSTRUCTION
There are three main components 1. 2.
Touch Sensor Controller

3.
Software Driver

The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

1. Touch sensor
A clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method to detect touch input. Generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen can cause a voltage or signal change. This change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

2. CONTROLLER
Connects between the touch sensor and the PC. Takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can understand. Determines type of interface/connection you will need on the PC. Controllers are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port. Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD players and other devices.

3. SOFTWARE DRIVER
Allows the touchscreen and computer to work together. Tells computer's operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. Makes touching the screen as same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. Allows the touchscreen to work with existing software and allows new applications to be developed without the need for touchscreen specific programming.

APPLICATIONS

Public Information Displays. Retail and Restaurant Systems . Customer Self-Service.

Control and Automation Systems.

Computer Based Training. Assistive Technology.

PDAs and Tablet PCs

Apple Newton and Palm Pilot First PDAs to use touch screens Apple Newton introduced in 1993 Palm Pilot introduced in 1997 PDAs and Tablet PCs were the first consumer devices to utilize touch screen technology.

Mobile Phones
Apple iPhone Introduced in 2007. Uses multi-touch technology. Widely popularized the use of touch screen technology. Touch Screen Cell Phones Touch screen market for mobile phones is projected to reach $5 Billion by 2009

USES OF MULTITOUCH
Multi-touch denotes a set of interaction techniques which allow computer users to control graphical applications with several fingers. Enhanced dining experience at restaurant Concierge service at hotels Concept mapping Use as interactive Whiteboards Better multi-media experience

EMERGING TOUCH USES

REFERENCES
en.wikipedia.org www.slideworld.com www.howstuffworks.com www.touchscreens.com www.analog.com www.scribd.com www.indiastudychannel.com Article on Touch Screen by John Broz Article on Touch Screen Sensor by Quanling Zheng Article on Touch Screen Control by Svyatoslav Paliy

QUERIES???