pKa concepts

Ionization = the process in which ions are formed from neutral compounds; Dissociation = the separation of the ions of an electrovalent compound as a result of the action of a solvent (usually water)

For a weak acid, which dissociates as follows:

HA H+ + A-

An interesting and extremely useful relationship between pH and pKa can be obtained simply by taking logarithms (to the base 10) of the previous equation: log10Ka = log10[H+] + log10[A- ] - log10[HA] Therefore -log10[H+] = -log10Ka + log10[A-] - log10[HA] Note: log a log b = log (a/b) giving the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

The most convenient form of this Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, is

Using pKa and pH relationship

By using pKa values, we are able to express the strength of an acid (i.e. its tendency to dissociate) with reference to the pH scale. If Ka is large, then pKa will have a low numerical value. E.g.,
Hydrochloric acid, HCl has a pKa = -3 Acetic acid, CH3COOH has a pKa = 4.77

A strong acid is one which is largely, or completely, dissociated, and which therefore has a high Ka value (and low pKa). A weak acid is one that is only slightly dissociated in solution, and has a low Ka value.

if we consider the situation where the acid is one-half (50%) dissociated, or where [A-] = [HA] (that is 50% negatively charged and 50% uncharged) then, substituting in the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation pH = pKa + log(A-/HA) pH = pKa + log(1) Therefore and pH = pKa + 0 pH = pKa

How to use H-H equation

When pH = pKa, the charged and uncharged species have ~equal concentrations. When pH > pKa, the ionized (charged) form is dominant, so there will be more negative sites,
therefore, as pH increases, CEC increases

When pH < pKa, the un-ionized, uncharged form is dominant, so there will be fewer negative sites,
thus, as pH decreases, CEC decreases (and AEC increases)

Why care about pKa in soils?

CEC increases as pH increases
Early studies showed soil CEC was constant from pH 2.5 5 At pH > 5 the CEC of soil increased, especially in soils containing organic matter or non 2:1 clays

Organic and inorganic components of soil have functional groups that dissociate at various pHs, leaving them with a negative charge that can attract cations

Acidity of various soil functional groups

Some inorganic surface functional groups are more likely to deprotonate or dissociate than others
pKa of Al(OH2)+ = ~5, (Al-OH-Si)+0.5 = ~7, SiOH = ~9.5

2:1 silicate minerals have more Si-OH groups and contribute less to pH-dependent charge than 1:1 minerals and metal oxides

SOM contributes the most negative charge

85-90% of charge due to deprotonation of COOH and phenolic OH groups which have pKas of 4 6 and 9 - 11

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ge16/10.gif

Colloid

Negative charge 200 120 100 40 12

Positive charge 0 0 0 0 4

% constant

% variable

Humus Vermiculite Smectite Illite Kaolinite Fe & Al Oxides

10 95 95 80 5

90 5 5 20 95

100