Ch02 Lecture

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA

TENTH EDITION
BISSONNETTE
Atoms and the Atomic Theory

PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
2
Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Slide 1 of 27
General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Atoms and the Atomic Theory
CONTENTS 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8
Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics The Nuclear Atom Chemical Elements Atomic Mass Introduction to the Periodic Table The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
Slide 2 of 27
2-1 Early Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
Lavoisier 1774
Law of conservation of mass
Proust 1799
Dalton 1803-1888
Law of constant composition

Atomic Theory
Slide 3 of 27
FIGURE 2-2 Mass is conserved during a chemical reaction Slide 4 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Daltons Atomic Theory 1. Each element is composed of small particles called atoms. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical and differ from all other elements 3. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine in simple numerical ratios.
Slide 5 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
If two elements form more than a single compound, the masses of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
In forming carbon monoxide, 1.0 g of carbon combines with 1.33 g of oxygen.
In forming carbon dioxide, 1.0 g of carbon combines with 2.66 g of oxygen.
Figure 2-3 Consequences of Daltons theory Slide 6 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

2-2
Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
Slide 7 of 27
FIGURE 2-5 Effect of a magnetic field on charged particles Slide 8 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
FIGURE 2-6 Cathode ray tube Slide 9 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Electron m/e = -5.6857 10-9 g coulomb-1
FIGURE 2-7 Cathode rays and their properties Slide 10 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
From 1906-1914 Robert Millikan showed ionized oil drops can be balanced against the pull of gravity by an electric field. The charge is an integral multiple of the electronic charge, e.
Figure 2-8 Millikans oil-drop experiment Slide 11 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

X-Rays and Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from a substance.

X-rays and g-rays are high-energy light. a-particles are a stream of helium nuclei, He2+.
b-particles are a stream of high speed

electrons that originate in the nucleus.
2-3 The Nuclear Atom

Geiger and Rutherford 1909
Figure 2-11 The scattering of particles by metal foil Slide 13 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Most of the mass and all of the positive charge is concentrated in a small region called the nucleus .
There are as many electrons outside the nucleus as there are units of positive charge on the nucleus
Figure 2-12 The -particle experiment Slide 14 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Rutherford protons 1919
James Chadwick neutrons 1932
Figure 2-13 The nuclear atom illustrated by the helium atom Slide 15 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Slide 16 of 27
Scale of Atoms
The heaviest atom has a mass of only 4.8 x 10-22 g and a diameter of only 5 x 10-10 m. Useful units: 1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10-24 kg 1 pm (picometer) = 1 x 10-12 m 1 (Angstrom) = 1 x 10-10 m = 100 pm = 1 x 10-8 cm Biggest atom is 240 amu and is 50 across. Typical C-C bond length 154 pm (1.54 ) Molecular models are 1 /inch or about 0.4 /cm
2-4 Chemical Elements

To represent a particular atom we use symbolism:
A= mass number
Z = atomic number
Slide 18 of 27
Figure 2-14 A mass spectrometer and a mass spectrum Slide 19 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2
2-5 Atomic Mass

Weighted Average Atomic Mass of an Element
Equation (2.3)
fractional atomic fractional atomic abundance x mass of + abundance x mass of + of isotope 1 isotope 1 of isotope 2 isotope 2
Aave
x1 x
A1
x2 x A2
+ xn x An
where
Slide 20 of 27
x1 + x2+ + xn = 1.0
The Periodic Table
Read atomic masses. Read the ions formed by main group elements. Read the electron configuration. Learn trends in physical and chemical properties.
We will discuss these in detail in Chapter 9.
Slide 21 of 27
Alkali Metals
The Periodic table

Halogens
Noble Gases
Alkaline Earths
Main Group
Transition Metals
Main Group
Slide 22 of 27
Lanthanides and Actinides

2-7
The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
Physically counting atoms is impossible. We must be able to relate measured mass to numbers of atoms.
buying nails by the pound or kilogram. using atoms by the gram
Slide 23 of 27
Avogadro constant, NA
The mole is an amount of substance that contains the same number of elementary entities as there are carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
NA = 6.02214179 x 1023 mol-1
Slide 24 of 27
Figure 2-17 One mole of an element Slide 25 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Molar Mass
The molar mass, M, is the mass of one mole of a substance.
M (g/mol 12C) = A (g/atom 12C) x NA (atoms 12C /mol 12C)
Slide 26 of 27
End of Chapter Questions
Problem solving is an integral part of the learning process. You must exercise your skills just like a varsity athlete does. Use your coaches, they can help you with skills for success.
Slide 27 of 27

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA

Atoms and the Atomic Theory

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Atoms and the Atomic Theory

CONTENTS 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

2-1 Early Discoveries and the Atomic Theory

Law of conservation of mass

Law of constant composition

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

In forming carbon monoxide, 1.0 g of carbon combines with 1.33 g of oxygen.

In forming carbon dioxide, 1.0 g of carbon combines with 2.66 g of oxygen.

Figure 2-3 Consequences of Daltons theory Slide 6 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

FIGURE 2-6 Cathode ray tube Slide 9 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Electron m/e = -5.6857 10-9 g coulomb-1

Figure 2-8 Millikans oil-drop experiment Slide 11 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

X-Rays and Radioactivity

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from a substance.

b-particles are a stream of high speed

2-3 The Nuclear Atom

Rutherford protons 1919

James Chadwick neutrons 1932

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

2-4 Chemical Elements

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

2-5 Atomic Mass

The Periodic Table

We will discuss these in detail in Chapter 9.

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The Periodic table

Lanthanides and Actinides

The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Figure 2-17 One mole of an element Slide 25 of 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 2

The molar mass, M, is the mass of one mole of a substance.

M (g/mol 12C) = A (g/atom 12C) x NA (atoms 12C /mol 12C)

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

End of Chapter Questions

General Chemistry: Chapter 2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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