Power System Protection Fundamentals

What should we teach students Click to edit Master subtitle styleabout power system protection?

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Agenda
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Why protection is needed Principles and elements of the protection system Basic protection schemes Digital relay advantages and enhancements

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Disturbances: Light or Severe

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The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a day

Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits

Small disturbances

The control system can handle these Example: variation in transformer or generator load

Severe disturbances require a protection system

They can jeopardize the entire power system They cannot be overcome by a control system
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Power System Protection

Operation during severe disturbances:

System element protection System protection Automatic reclosing Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies Automatic synchronization

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Electric Power System Exposure to External Agents

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Damage to Main Equipment

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Protection System

A series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and primary electric power equipment from the effects of faults

The Sentinels

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Blackouts
Characteristics
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Main Causes
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Loss of service in a large area or population region Hazard to human life May result in enormous economic losses

Overreaction of the protection system Bad design of the protection system

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Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Three-Phase Line a b c I Substation Thousands of Amps I Fault

Wire
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Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage

t

Damage Time

Damage Curve

Rated Value

In Im d

I Short-Circuit Current
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Mechanical Damage During Short Circuits

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Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports, transformers, and machines Damage is instantaneous

Mechanical Forces

i 1

f 1 i 2

f 2

Rigid Conductors

f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

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The Fuse

Fuse

Transforme r

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Protection System Elements

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Protective relays Circuit breakers Current and voltage transducers Communications channels DC supply system Control cables

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Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team

CTs CB

Control

Protected Equipment

Relay

VTs

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DC Tripping Circuit
+ SI DC Station Battery Relay Red Lamp SI Relay Contact 52a
52 TC

Circuit Breaker

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Circuit Breakers

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Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT

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Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

High Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers are also known as potential transformers

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Protective Relays

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Examples of Relay Panels

MicroprocessorBased Relay Old Electromechanical

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How Do Relays Detect Faults?

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When a fault takes place, the current, voltage, frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way. For example:

Current suddenly increases Voltage suddenly decreases

Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a combination of both Many other detection principles determine the design of protective relays
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Main Protection Requirements

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Reliability

Dependability Security

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Selectivity Speed

System stability Equipment damage Power quality High-impedance faults Dispersed generation
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Sensitivity

Primary Protection

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Primary Protection Zone Overlapping

Protection Zone A 52 To Zone A Relays Protection Zone B To Zone B Relays

Protection Zone A 52 To Zone A Relays Protection Zone B To Zone B Relays

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Backup Protection
Breaker 5 Fails C A D E

2 T

11

12

10

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Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground: Phase-Phase-Ground: Phase-Phase: Three-Phase: 7080% 1710% 108% 32%

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Balanced vs. Unbalanced Conditions

Ic
Ic

Ia

Ia

Ib
Ib

Balanced System

Unbalanced System
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Decomposition of an Unbalanced System

Ia
Ic

Ib I a1 I c1
Ia0 Ib0 Ic0
Zero-Sequence

Ib 2 I b1
Positive-Sequence

Ic 2

Ia2

Negative-Sequence

Single-Phase

Balanced

Balanced
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Power Line Protection Principles

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Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N) Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N) Distance (21, 21N) Differential (87)

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Application of Inverse-Type Relays

Relay Operation Time t

I Radial Line
Fault Load
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Inverse-Time Relay Coordination

Distance

} T

} T
Distance
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Addition of Instantaneous OC Element

Relay Operation Time I Radial Line
Fault Load
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50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance

}
Distance
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Directional Overcurrent Protection

Basic Applications

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Directional Overcurrent Protection

Basic Principle
V I

F2 Relay Reverse Fault (F2)

F1

Forward Fault (F1)

I V I

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Overcurrent Relay Problem

I SETTING
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E Z S1 + (0.8) Z L1

Relay operates when the following condition holds: I FAULT = I a > I SETTING As Z s1 changes, the relays reach will change, since setting is fixed
I FAULT ( LIMIT ) E = Z S1 + (0.8) Z L1
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Distance Relay Principle

L d I a , Ib , Ic
21

Va ,Vb ,Vc

Three-Phase Solid Fault

Radial Line

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate When:

| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |

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The Impedance Relay Characteristic

R 2 + X 2 Z r21
X Operation Zone Plain Impedance Relay

Z Z r1

Zr 1

Radius Zr1
R

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Need for Directionality

F2 1 2 3 X F1 F2 Nonselective Relay Operation
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F1 4 5 6

RELAY 3 Operation Zone

Directionality Improvement
F2 1 2 3 F1 4 5 6

RELAY 3 Operation Zone

X F1 F2 Directional Impedance Relay Characteristic R

The Relay Will Not Operate for This Fault

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Mho Element Characteristic (Directional Impedance Relay)

Operates when:
X
V Z I
M

cos

M T

Z Z M cos( MT )
ZM

MT

R
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Three-Zone Distance Protection

Time
Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
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Line Protection With Mho Elements

X C B

A D E

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Circular Distance Relay Characteristics

X

PLAIN IMPEDANC E
R

OFFSE T MHO (2)

R X

MH O
R X X

LENS (RESTRICTED MHO 1)

R

OFFSE T MHO (1)

R

TOMATO (RESTRICTED MHO 2)

R
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Semi-Plane Type Characteristics

X

DIRECTION AL
R

RESTRICTE D DIRECTION AL
R X

REACTANC E
R X X

RESTRICTE D REACTANC E
R

OH M
R

QUADRILATER AL
R
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Distance Protection
Summary
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Current and voltage information Phase elements: more sensitive than 67 elements Ground elements: less sensitive than 67N elements Application: looped and parallel lines

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Directional Comparison Pilot Protection Systems

L

IL

IR

T
Relays

Communications Channel

R
Relays

Exchange of logic information on relay status

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Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip

Bus A
1 2 3 4

Bus B
5 6

FWD FWD

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Basic POTT Logic

Key XMTR

Zone 2 Elements AND RCVR Trip

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Directional Comparison Blocking Scheme

Bus A
1 2 3 4

Bus B
5 6

RVS

FWD FWD RVS

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Basic DCB Logic

Zone 3
Carrier Coordination Time Delay

Key XMTR

Zone 2 RCVR

CC

Trip

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Differential Protection Principle

Balanced CT Ratio CT Protected Equipment CT External Fault

50

IDIF = 0

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

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Differential Protection Principle

CTR Protected Equipment Internal Fault 50 CTR

IDIF > ISETTING

Relay Operates
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Problem of Unequal CT Performance

CT Protected Equipment CT External Fault

50

False differential current can occur if a CT saturates during a through-fault Use some measure of through-current to desensitize the relay when high currents are present
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IDIF 0

Possible Scheme Percentage Differential Protection Principle

CTR S P Protected Equipment R P CTR

S Relay (87) Compares:

I OP = I S + I R

k I RT

| IS | + | IR | =k 2

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Differential Protection Applications

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Bus protection Transformer protection Generator protection Line protection Large motor protection Reactor protection Capacitor bank protection Compound equipment protection
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Differential Protection
Summary
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The overcurrent differential scheme is simple and economical, but it does not respond well to unequal current transformer performance The percentage differential scheme responds better to CT saturation Percentage differential protection can be analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane Differential protection is the best alternative selectivity/speed with present technology
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Multiple Input Differential Schemes

Examples
Differential Protection Zone

S P T O P

R P

I 1

I 2

I 3

I 4

Bus Differential: Several Inputs

Three-Winding Transformer Differential: Three Inputs

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Advantages of Digital Relays

Multifunctional Compatibility with digital integrated systems Low maintenance (self-supervision)

Highly sensitive, secure, and selective

Adaptive

Highly reliable (self-supervision)

Reduced burden on CTs and VTs

Programmable Versatile

Low Cost

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Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot of the Power System

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The Future
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Improvements in computer-based protection Highly reliable and viable communication systems (satellite, optical fiber, etc.) Integration of control, command, protection, and communication Improvements to human-machine interface Much more
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