Organisational behaviour A presentation on Personality Development

SUBMITTED BY :
Manisha Uttam Punam Kumari Shweta Yadav Sonakshi Kochhar

What is personality?
The overall profile or combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and interacts with others. It Combines a set of physical and mental characteristics that reflect how a person looks, thinks, acts, and feels. Predictable relationships are expected between peoples personalities and their behaviors.
GORDON ALLPORT defines Personality as

the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment

 Personality is the sum total of ways in which individual reacts to and interacts with others. It will mean how people affect other and how they understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person situation interaction. How people will affect others depends on external appearance (height, weight, facial features, color and other physical factors) and traits.

Characteristics of personality
Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations. Psychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.

 It impacts behaviors and actions - Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways. Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions.

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY IN ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR

Law of Behavior: People are different To ensure high performing employees in an organization. To manage workforce diversity. Summarizing persons behaviors & attitudes in relation to a wide range of events. Personality consists of characteristics or traits that describe how people are likely to behave in a given situation. Personality is useful in predicting & understanding the general feelings, thoughts and behaviors of individuals at the workplace. Contribution of various personality theories.

Personality Determinants
Determinants of Personality

Heredity

Environment

Situational

Heredity : Heredity refers to those

.

factors that were determined at conception. Physical structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that is by their biological, physiological and inherent psychological make up.

Environment : The environmental

factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups, and other influences that we experience.

The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial role in shaping our personalities.

Situation : A third factor, the

situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An individuals personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of ones personality. We should not therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
Enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior are called Personality Traits. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators(MBTI) The Big Five Model

Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I) Sensitive vs. Intuitive (S or N)

Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicators(MBTI)

It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in world. Its a 100-question personality test that asks people how they feel or act in particular situation. On the basis of answer, individual are classified as Extroverted vs. Introverted Extroverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. Sensitive vs. Intuitive Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitive rely on unconscious processes and look at the big picture. Thinking vs. Feeling Thinking types uses reason and logic to handle problems. Feelings types rely on their personal values and emotions. Judging vs. Perceiving Judging types want control, and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

The classification together describe 16 personality traits.

MBTI is widely in practice by organizations like Apple computers, Citigroup, Tata motor, many hospitals and educational institution and defense services. One problem of MBTI is that it forces a person into either one type or other. There is no in-between, though people can be both introvert and extrovert to some degree. Thus, MBTI is best tool for Self-awareness and providing career guidance.

The Big Five Personality Model-

A personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions.

EXTRAVERSION- Captures ones comfort level in relationships

AGREEABLENESS- refer to an individual propensity to defer to others

CONSCIENTIOUSNESSIt measure of reliability

EMOTIONAL STABILITYtaps a persons ability to withstand stress

OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE- Addresses ones range of interests and fascinations with novelty

The Big Five model

Emotional Stability Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Calm/Anxious Secure/Insecure Sociable/Retiring Fun Loving/Sober

Imaginative/Practical Independent/Conforming
Soft-Hearted/Ruthless Trusting/Suspicious Organized/Disorganized Careful/Careless

Conscientiousness

BIG FIVE TRAITS AFFECT?

WHY IT IS RELEVANT?

WHAT DOES IT

EMOTIONAL STABILITY

Less negative thinking and fewer negative emotions Less hyper-vigilant

Higher job and life satisfaction Lower stress level Higher performance Enhanced leadership Higher job satisfaction Training performance Enhanced leadership More adaptable to change Higher performance Lower level of deviant behavior

EXTRAVERSION

Better interpersonal skills Greater social dominance More emotionally expressive

Increased learning More creative More flexible & autonomous

OPENNESS

AGREEABLENESS

Better liked More compliant and conforming

CONSCIENTIOUSN ESS

Greater effort and persistence More derive and discipline Better organized & planning

Higher performance Enhanced leadership Greater longevity

MODEL OF HOW BIG FIVE TRAITS INFLUENCE OB CRITERIA

TRAITS FOR DEVELOPING POSITIVE PERSONALITY

1. Accept Responsibility : Responsibility gravitates to the person who can shoulder them. -- Elbert Hubbard 2. Show consideration : Show consideration, courtesy, politeness and caring. 3. Think Win-Win : Win-Win philosophy is the ultimate way to success in the collaborative and networked world. One who master that art can achieve greatly.

4. Choose your words carefully: The principle is your speaking must be better than silent, rather be silent. Words spoken out of bitterness can cause irreparable damage. The way the parents speak to their children in many instances shapes their childrens destiny. 5. Never Criticize, Complain and Condemn: Constructive criticism is a terminology used to conceal one's own cynicism. Afterall the limit of constructiveness of constructive criticism vary from person to person. we sometime misjudge this limit and many times cross the limit which is detrimental. 6. Smile and Be Kind : Smile is the shortest distance between two people. 7. Put Positive interpretation on other peoples behavior: We see the world not as it is, but as we are. So when we are interpreting other peoples behavior negatively we just reflecting our own mentality to this situation. In contrast when interpret positively, chances that other people may realize its negativity and change or amend this.

8. Be a Good Listener : Effective communication is 50% listening, 25% speaking, 15% reading and 10% writing. So when we listen carefully then 50% communication is done. 9. Be Enthusiastic : Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm --- Ralph Waldo Emersion 10. Give honest and Sincere Appreciation : The desire to feel important is one of the gratest craving in most of the human beings and it can be a great motivator. Honest and sincere appreciation makes one feel important and promote these positive qualities in him. In contrast giving false and insincere appreciation is flattery or sycophancy which in the long run is harmful to the receipient. 11. When you make a mistake, accept it and make it easy to amend: Mistakes are to be learned from. So accept it immediately and make change or amend easy. 12. Discuss but dont argue: Arguing is like fighting a losing battle. Even if one wins in the argument, the cost may be more than the worth of victory.

An Ignominious victory is a defeat itself.

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. Internals Locus of control Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them. Externals locus of control Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance Machiavellianism( often abbreviated as mach ) Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends justify means If it works, use it is consistent with a high-Mach perspective.

 People with a high-Machiavellian personality:

-- Approach situations logically and thoughtfully. -- Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals. -- Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or others opinions. -- Are skilled at influencing others. -- Try to exploit loosely structured situations. -- Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner in highly structure situations.

People with a low-Machiavellian personality:

-- Accept direction imposed by others in loosely structured situations. -- Work hard to do well in highly structured situations.

-- Are strongly guided by ethical considerations.

-- Are unlikely to lie or cheat

Self-Esteem Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves. If your self esteem is low and you arent confident in your thinking , you are likely to fear decision making, lack negotiation and interpersonal skill and be reluctant or unable to change. Leaders can overcome such self-esteem problems of their people by practicing procedural fairness and rewarding for a job well done. Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals with high self monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external, situational factors. Whereas , low monitors display disposition and attitude in every situation.

Risk Takers High Risk-taking Managers Make quicker decisions Use less information to make decisions Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations Low Risk-taking Managers Are slower to make decisions Require more information before making decisions Exist in larger organizations with stable environments Type A Personality 1. Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; 2. Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place; 3. Strive to think or do two or more things at once; 4. Cannot cope with leisure time; 5. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B Personality 1. Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience; 2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments; 3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; 4. Can relax without guilt. Proactive Personality

Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs.

Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles. Narcissism The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration and have sense of entitlement.

Steps for successful Organizational Socialization

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Provide a challenging first job. Provide relevant training. Provide timely and consistent feedback. Select a good supervisor to be in charge of socialization. Design a relaxed orientation program. Place new recruits in work groups with high morale.

THANKYOU