Maricris Monica N. Cabreros Chem 112.

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Addition of a third component to a pair of almost immiscible liquids does not appreciably increase their solubility in each other. However, addition of a third liquid intermediate in polarity may hav large effect.

Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, benzene and chloroform. Though this alcohol is soluble in all proportions in benzene and water, it is not distributed equally in these two liquids.

The solubility relationship of the three substances can be represented with the aid of the equilateral triangle called Gibbs-Roozeboom Diagram.

X amount of benzene

Y amount of anhydrous isopropyl alcohol

Deliver to clean, dry E. flask from burets

Place prepared solutions, and a flask of dH2O in constant temperature water bath (15-20 min)

Titrate each mixture with dH2O untll first permanent turbidity appears *

Measure refractive index of the titrated mixtures

*Make sure to shake mixture vigorously after each addition of water

E. Flask with ternary mixture*

Add about 2mL dH2O using a buret

Settle in constant temperature water to separate layers
*use set up with large amount of benzene or prepare new set of mixture with wide range of composition

Separate each layer

Transfer samples into small vials and stopper immediately

Analyze each layer by measuring its refractive index

Use disposable pipet to remove the upper layer. Do not insert dropper tip too close to the interface of the two layers

Calculate composition (% wt.) of each mixture in cloud point Mass = Density * Volume % wt. = (Mass/ Total Mass) * 100

Construct solubility curve on the GibssRoozeboom diagram.

C3H7OH

C6H6

H2O

C3H7OH

C6H6

H2O

Construct a reractive index scale on the y-axis of the traingular graph ( G-R diagram) Maximize the range but use only half of the length of the vertical axis Plot calibration curve points

v
1.4975

1.3329

Use the refractive index calibration curve and the refractive indices of the conjugate solutions to determine the intersection of the tie lines with the solubility curve.

To determine the composition of the given solution, locate its refractive index on the calibration curve, and project downward to the solubility curve.
Connect the two points of each conjugate pair to obtain the corresponding tie line.

 The amount of soluble isopropyl alcohol is not equally distributed between the two immiscible liquids (water and benzene). Thus the distribution coefficient, K, is not equal to unity or not even constant but changes with the concentration of the solute.

Phase rule For a system in equilibrium, the phase rule relates P = number of phases that can coexist, to C = number of components making up the phases, and F = degrees of freedom. P+F=C+2

The degrees of freedom represent the environmental conditions which can be independantly varied without changing the number of phases in the system. Conditions include: Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Composition , pH, Eh, Oxygen Fugacity.

The system is considered as a condensed one since P and T are fixed. Under these condition, the phase rule is F= C-P+0

Titration The samples were titrated with water until mixture appears turbid. This is because the homogeneous three component solution breaks up into two homogeneous conjugate ternary solution (which have different indices of refraction).

Refractive index
The diagram can be modified to represent simultaneously a 4th or more variables like density, viscosity, refractive index and other properties that depend on composition. Since each c. solution has a r.i. characteristic of the composition, the magnitude can be represented by a line drawn to scale from a point on the curve, corresponding to the composition, projected preendicularly upwards from the base of the triangle.

Steinbach, O.F. and C.V. King. 1950. Experiments in Physical Chemistry./ U.S.A. American Book Company. Pp. 124-129 Retrieved from the world wide web: http://homepages.wmich.edu/~dschreib/Cour ses/Chem437/II-2%203phase%20equilibrium.pdf