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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is:
a system of drawing views of an object using perpendicular projectors from the object to a plane of projection
a means of representing physical objects and threedimensional concepts into two dimensional drawings. used to effectively describe the design and features of an object, so the object can be manufactured.
Planes/surfaces parallel
not parallel to the plane of projection are foreshortened. Planes/surfaces which are perpendicular to the plane of projection appears as line. More than one view is required to fully describe most objects.
a). Isometric
b). Object enclosed in a glass box
c).Orthographic projections
Dihedral angles
quadrant and projected into the planes. The plane of projection is located between the viewer and the object. It is extensively used in United States, Great Britain and Canada Standards Australia recommends using third angle projection system.
c) Symbol for 3rd angle projection system a) Placement of object in third-angle projection
countries. The object is placed in the first quadrant The object is between the viewer and the projection plane.
Multiview Drawings
A multiview drawing provides two or more views
(orthographic projections) of an object to represent its shape. Depending on their complexity, objects may require two, three or more views for complete shape description. The most commonly used orthographic views are the front, top and side.
Multiview Drawings
One-view drawing
Parts made of flat sheet of material having uniform thickness, such as gaskets, washers and spacers, are represented with one view supplemented by a note describing their material and thickness.
Selection of Views
Most objects can adequately be described by three
orthographic views; usually the FRONT, TOP and SIDE views. Consideration should be given to the choice and number of views used so, when possible, the surfaces of the object are shown in their true size and shape. The exact number of views is dependent on the complexity of the object.
The front view should be the most natural position of use, if the object does not have a predefined front view. It is the most descriptive view with:
2.
Object or visible lines (thick continuous) to describe the visible surface or edge of the object. Hidden or dotted lines to represent invisible features. Centerlines are used to show and locate the centers of circles and arcs. Centerlines are also used to show the centre axis of a circular form. As and when required, make use of other line types, such as Construction lines, Extension lines, Dimension lines. Follow the correct precedence sequence.
Label the views for example, FRONT, TOP and SIDE Leave adequate space between the views for labels and dimensions 6. Draw the views necessary to describe the object
4. 5.
Cylindrical Shape
Chamfers
Chamfering refers to the process of cutting away the inside or outside corner of an object to remove sharp edges. Chamfers are provided to facilitate assembly. Chamfers are used as a slight angle to relieve a sharp edge.
of a part that are generally used to ease machining corners or to allow patterns to release more easily from castings and forgings. A fillet is an inside rounding A round is an external rounding on part.
Circular features
Circular features appear circular in one view only. Hidden circles, like hidden edges of flat surfaces, are represented on drawings by a hidden line.
Circular features, such as holes, appear round, if the line of
Note that
arrows indicate the direction of sight when looking at the front view All projections are in third-angle projection system
projection symbol used in different text books and drawing documents. This is shown in the following slides
Exercises
Problem 1: Flat surfaces
On a sketching paper (with 1 mm SQUARES) draw the three orthographic views (FRONT, TOP & SIDE) of the parts shown in the next slides. Follow third-angle projection system . ARROW indicates the direction of FRONT view. All dimensions are in millimetres.
Brass step
CI Bracket
CS Bracket
Safety Bracket