objectives

Distinguish conditional from identity equations Solve Linear and Literal Equations Express Mathematical Statements into Symbols Solve Worded Problems involving Linear Equations in one variable

Linear Equations

An equation is a statement that expresses equality between two algebraic expressions. The expressions on both sides of the equal sign are called members or sides of the equations. The following are examples of equations: 1. x2 4 = (x -2)(x + 2) 2. x2 -5x 6 = (x 6)(x + 1) 3.2(x 5) = 2x 10 4. 2x + 8 = 0 5. x2 5x + 6 = 0 6. 2x 1 = x - 3

Terms
Identity Equation an equation that holds any permissible values of the variable involved. Our special product are considered as identities. (from the given example w/c is an identity?) Conditional Equation an equation that holds only for some values of real numbers. (from the given example w/c is conditional?)

Terms
Variable in an equation is called the unknown. Solution - A number that makes the equation a true statement, or root of the equation. Equivalent Equations Equations that have the same solutions.

Linear Equations
A Linear Equation in one variable (or in variable x) is an equation which can be written in the standard form ax + b = 0, where a and b are real numbers a 0. Examples: 1. 2x = (1/5) + 4 2. x 5 = -3 3. 4(3 x) = 5(4 x)

Solving Linear Equations

To solve linear equation is to find the value of the variable that will satisfy the equation. Addition and multiplication properties of equalities is a common tool. Transposing terms from one side of the equation is also a common procedure.

Examples:
Solve the following equations: 1. 4(3 x) =5(4 x) 2. [(26y 25)/(y2 y 20)] +(3/y 5) = 7/y +4

Solution

1. 4(3 x) =5(4 x) 12 4x = 20 - 5x x=8 2. [(26y 25)/(y2 y 20)] +(3/y 5) = 7/y +4 26y -25 + 3 = 7 (y 5)(y + 4) (y 5)(y + 4) y 5 y+4 26y 25 + 3y + 12 = 7y 35 26y + 3 y 7y = -35 12 + 25 y = -1

Literal Equations
Literal Equations an equation involving at least two variables or unknowns. To solve for a particular variable of a literal equation. Separate the unknown on one side of the equation and the rest on the other side. Express the unknown variable in terms of the other given.

Example

1. Solving for t using the formula for velocity Vf = Vo + at solution: Vf = Vo + at Vo + at = Vf at = Vf Vo t = Vf Vo a

Example:

2. Solve for b given the area of a triangle A = bh Solution: A = bh 2A = bh b = 2A h

Example:

3. Solve for n in PV = n RT Solution: PV = n RT n RT = PV n = PV RT

Word Problems
Translation of Statements into Symbols Mathematical problems should be expressed into mathematical symbols before they can be solved.

Examples of mathematical problems into mathematical symbols:

1. Interest on x dollars for 1 year at 5 percent 0.05x 2. $20,000 separated into two investments x and ($20,000 x) 3. Peters age 4 years from now x + 4 4. Number of cents in x + 5 nickels 5(x + 5) 5. Three is four more than a number 3=x+4

Word Problems
How to work with Word Problem? 1. Read the problem to determine the what is/are known and what is/are the unknown. 2. Represent the unknown. ( example: Let x = ?) 3. Form an equation. 4. Solve the equation. 5. Label and check your answer.

Kinds of Word Problems

Number Relation Problems Example: There are two numbers whose sum is 72. one number is twice the other. What is the number? Let: x = smaller number 2x = larger number. Solution: x + 2x = 72 3x = 72 x = 24 2x = 48 Answer: 24 and 48

Kinds of Word Problems

Age Problems Example: A man is four times as old as his son. In 3 years the father will be three times as old as his son. How old is each now? Let: x = sons age now 4x = fathers age now Then: x + 3 = sons age in 3 years 4x + 3 = Fathers age in 3 years Solution: In 3 years the father will be three times as old as his son. 4x + 3 = 3(x + 3) 4x + 3 = 3x + 9 x=6 4x = 24 Answer: 6 and 24

Kinds of Word Problems

Work Problems In a work problems, the amount of work done by the two workers is: Work Done = Rate time Where: Rate = 1 time to finish the work Work Problems with n persons with the same rate doing the job total man-hr to complete work = sum unit man-hr

Kinds of Word Problems

Example of work problems: If Kimi can do a job in 4 hours and Dora can do the same job in 8 hours, working together from start, a. What part of the job have they done in 2 hours? b. How many hours can they finish the job? Given: rate of Kimi = rate of Dora = 1/8 Solution: a. Work done in two hours (2) + (1/8)(2) = b. Time to finish the job t + (1/8) t = 1 t = 2.66 hours

Kinds of Word Problems

Motion Problems In motion problems, we use the basic relationship among distance, rate and time. d = rt Example: June can walk from his home to his office at the rate of 5 mph and back at a rate of 2 mph. What is his average speed? Solution: (note: average is equal to the sum of terms over the total number of terms) vave = s + s = 2.86 mph s+s 5 2

Kinds of Word Problems

Investment Problems Example: A businessman invested part of P6,000 at 5%. How much should he invest at 6% so that his total interest per year will amount to P320? Let: x = the amount invested at 5% 6,000 x = the amount invested at 6% Solution: x(0.05) + (6000 x)(0.06) = 320 0.05x + 360 0.06x = 320 5x 6x = 32,000 36,000 x = P4,000 invested @ 5% P6,000 x = P2,000 invested @ 6%

Kinds of Word Problems

Coin Problems To solve coin problems it is very important to identify and label whether it is how many things or how much money you are representing. Example: Ned has saved P5.30 for the week consisting of 5-centavo and 10-centavo coins. How many 10-centavo coins does he have if he has 8 more 10-centavo coins than 5-centavo coins? Let: x = the number of 5-centavo coins x + 8 = the number of 10-centavo coins 0.05x = the value of 5-centavo coins 0.10( x + 8) =the value of 10-centavo coins 5.30 = the value of money he has Solution: 0.05x + 0.10(x + 8) = 5.30 5x + 10(x + 8) = 530 x = 30 number of 5-centavo coins x + 8 = 38 number of 10-centavo coins

Kinds of Word Problems

Mixture Problem The amount in a mixture times the percent of pure stuff equals the amount of pure stuff ( e.i. pure boric-acid, pure gold, pure alcohol) Example: How many grams of Brand A coffee worth P4.00 per gram must be added to 100 grams of Brand B coffee worth P7.00 per gram to produce a mixture worth P6.00 per gram? Let: x = number of grams of Brand A coffee Type of Coffee Number of grams Price per grams = Value
Brand A Brand B x 100 4.00 7.00 4.00x 700

Mixture

X + 100

6.00

6.00(x + 100)

Solution: 6.00(x + 100) = 4.00x + 700 6.00x 4.00x = 700 600 2.00x = 150 x = 50 grams of Brand A

Kinds of Word Problems

Clock Problem For every x traveled of minute hand: the hour hand travels = x/12 minute spaces The second hand travels = 60x Example: In how many minutes after 7:00 oclock will the hands of the clock be directly opposite to each other for the first time? x Solution: x/12 + 35 = x + 30 5 = 11x/12 x = 5.454
x/12 30