Automobile Industry: TFAE

RAKSHIT JHUNJHUNWALA 111 ANKITESH MATHUR 115 NIKESH SOLANKI 123 OMKAR MALAGE 114 HARSH MEHTA 117 CHINTAN SHAH 126

CONTENT

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW HYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGY BOTTLENECKS HAZARDS & RISKS POTENTIALS & BARRIERS COMPETITORS

COST OF IMPLEMENTATION
VERTICAL INTEGRATION & VENDOR MANAGEMENT FUTURE SPACE

Automobiles: Review

Disparate Technologies Long Age of Evolution Showcases advances in Science & Engineering Mens Best Made Machine Seminal Development > Bessemer Steel Process, Internal Combustion Engine, Machine Tooling, Petroleum Refining Modern Automobiles are result of clustering of hundreds of such technologies

Technologies involved..

Fuel & Transmissio n

Electronics

Energy & Material Resources

Aerodyna mics & Structural Design

Mechanic s& Electrics

Computin g& Processing

Rather its wise to ask whats not involved..

Technology Trend: Battery

Ultracapacitors
Low Power Circuits Automotive Fuel Cells Lithium-ion Batteries to Lithium-Air Batteries

Technology Timeline: Vehicle Electronics

2011 Standard Navigation & Control Lane Departure Warnings & Auto Braking 2012 Electronic Stability Control Dynamic Mobility Apps 2013 Light Duty V-toV Comm. VANETS 2015 Increasing Personalization Built-in Device Internet Access 2016 Consolidation of electronic Architecture 2020 & Beyond Widespread DSRC Adoption Infracommunication Devices at most intersections

Hybrid Cars
CASE FOR DISCUSSION

Hybrid Cars & Related Technology

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle with two or more energy storage
systems, both of which must provide propulsion power.

Features
Low Fuel Consumption Idle Stop/Start

Low Emissions

Regenerative Braking

Self-charging battery

Electric-only mode (Engine off)

Power boost

What Does the Market (People) Want?

A significant and growing percentage of customers indicate a willingness to buy an environmentally friendly vehicle

If, and only if, all other attributes are EQUAL

or Better

Hybrid Technology Design Objectives

Significant fuel economy improvement. Major reduction in exhaust emissions. No new infrastructure needs (e.g. fuelling stations). No perceived difference by customer in vehicle performance, handling, etc. A competitive price to encourage adoption.

PROCESS & TECHNOLOGY

Vehicle equipped with either an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electrical motor powered by electrical batteries.

Todays HEVs are an emerging technology in the automotive market, with manufacturers designing and producing hybrid systems for passenger cars, light-duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, and even locomotives.
The improved efficiency of HEVs over conventional (i.e. nonhybrid) vehicle is achieved by operating a smaller (more efficient) ICE within a narrower, more efficient operational speed/power band and using an electric engine and electrical storage (i.e. the battery) to balance the performance energy requirements.

PROCESS & TECHNOLOGY

In general, in the current-generation HEVs, the combustion engine provides the main power during long-distance drive while the electrical motor can either complement the ICE or power the vehicle in electric- only mode (as long as energy is available from the battery) during the urban service, where the ICE is less efficient. The battery charge is provided by regenerative braking and excess energy from the ICE (stored when the vehicle has lower power requirements). Improving battery capacity and technology may enable longer electric drive range and reduce the need for the ICE contribution. Newgeneration HEVs include batteries rechargeable from the grid.

Cost Benefit View

The hybrid vehicles can benefit from the best features of both conventional ICE vehicles and electric vehicles. Hybrids offer drive range and rapid refueling the same as conventional vehicles, and provide high efficiency at low loads, potentially better acceleration, environmental benefits and 2540% CO2 emissions saving as compared to conventional vehicles. The HEVs cost however is higher. This is largely due to the high price of the battery.

Advantages

Significant fuel economy improvement Low carbon / alternative fuels Major reduction in exhaust emissions

No new infrastructure needs (e.g. fuelling stations)

No perceived difference by customer in vehicle performance, handling, etc. Socio-economic & Environmental Benefits

Disadvantages

Heavier Threat to first responders High Maintenance & Repair Cost Underpowered & low torque Harmful extent of electromagnetic fields to human health

Hybrid Technology is costly. Acceleration is not exhilarating. High battery cost (to be replaced after completing 80000 miles, cost : $5000-8000) Light weight body materials make it more vulnerable to serious damage.

BOTTLENECKS

BOTTLENECKS

Battery : Availability & Cost of batteries as the biggest bottleneck to production. Production pollution
Panasonic

EV Energy, the company that supplies nickel metal hydride batteries to Toyota for the eg : Prius - 500,000 packs per year
The public have concerns about the maturity of the technology, and the availability and adequacy of after-sales service. This is mostly attributed to poor understanding of the technology status

Poor consumer understanding

HAZARDS & RISKS

Hazards and Risks

High Voltage

Standard cars circulate 12 volts of electric power from the battery through the alternator. Hybrid cars circulates 276 volts in total, most of which powers the electric motor. Potential of accidents are high.

Electromagnetic fields

A driver's proximity to that field could pose a long-term health risk.

Batteries

A hybrid's batteries contin potent chemicals designed to store and produce electricity.

Hazards and risks

Silence

The lack of sound gives blind or distracted people less warning for an approaching car.

Complex software

Hybrid vehicles depend on complex engine management systems that automatically switch between the car's electric and gasoline engines. The complexity of the software constitutes one risk posed by hybrids.

POTENTIALS & BARRIERS

POTENTIAL & BARRIERS

Major drivers for performance and costs

Inherent benefits of the vehicles, such as lower fuel consumption, emissions and noise, are making them more attractive to consumers. Equally, producers and manufacturers are incentivised by a green image that can enhance their brand against competitors. A high uptake of HEVs may lead to important benefits such as reduced emissions and use of fossil fuels in road transport, decarbonisation of the transport sector, and the consequent reduced dependence on foreign.

POTENTIAL & BARRIERS

Role of legislation

Various countries such as the US, Spain and Japan have set ambitious targets for the future deployment of hybrids. These targets form a major component of international policies for tackling climate change. national and

In particular, Europe is subject to an array of regulations that restrict the emissions of the automotive sector. Technological developments, further refinement and advanced materials will deliver improved performance through greater efficiency and hence lower CO2 emissions.

POTENTIAL & BARRIERS

Market Potential and Prospects

By the end of 2009, the world-wide sales of hybrid vehicles had reached around 2.7 million (some 1% of global sales), with 1.6 million in the US, 870 thousand in Japan and 237 thousand in Europe. The vast majority of these sales were by Toyota/Lexus (around 2 million) A recent study conducted by JPMorgan predicts that by 2020 some 11.3 million hybrids will be sold annually (over 13% of all vehicles sold). The future deployment and commercialisation of hybrid vehicles essentially depends upon substantial improvements and reduced prices in battery technology, but also in electric motors and power electronics

POTENTIAL & BARRIERS

Barriers to Development and Deployment

The high price of HEVs is certainly an inhibiting factor for their widespread adoption. A reduction in the costs of battery technology is essential for the HEVs to further penetrate into the market. However other factors also play a large role in the future deployment of HEVs:

External markets Poor consumer understanding

Environmental impacts

Competitors

Sorcehttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=32484&id=33010&id=33083&id=32053

COST OF IMPLEMENTATION

Cost of Implementation
Current commercial Hybrid Vehicles must compete against the mature
technologies of conventional vehicles Tough Competition with Diesel based traditional and conventional cars. Nickel-Metal Hybrid batteries still account for roughly half of the extra cost of a hybrid vehicle, despite their cost have been almost halving

over the last 10 years.

The battery cost is expected to level during the next 5 years, as the production benefits from economies of scale and large volumes

Cost of Implementation

But leveling process may be offset by the rising cost of nickel.

The new Li-ion batteries use cheaper raw materials and offer the
same economies of scale as production volumes increase.

The two battery technologies are expected to be the same price by 2014; however Li-ion has the advantage of low temperature performance, with better energy and power density

Batteries
According to a 2008 study by Cenex/Arup the current cost of Li-ion batteries is between 670/kWh and 1,340/kWh. Consensus amongst the industry sources consulted in the study that prices will fall to 170/kWh to 200/kWh once manufacture volumes rise to 1,00,000 battery packs per annum. How is cost reduction possible? Technological advances in cathode materials: to be switched from a cobalt to a manganese compound. Mass production of individual components and the whole battery (100,000s/year); Learning effects as manufacturing processes develop and increase efficiency. Reduced impact of R&D costs in the longer term.

Battery Cost Decline v Production

VERTICAL INTEGRATION & VENDOR MANAGEMENT

Vertical Integration Toyota

Solar Based Plug-in Stations

Toyota wanted to vertically integrate by launching Solar based Plugin Stations at 21 cities in Japan. This integration helps Toyota for new range of vehicles in Hybrid sector post Prius. Will understand Consumer Behavior towards Hybrid cars. Can explore new age technological horizons with help of Battery

operated cars.

TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCED Or NOT?

Hybrid technology is generally not sourced and is built in house.

Car manufacturers like Toyota and Ford build their hybrid technologies in house and compete against each other.

VENDOR MANAGEMENT

Estimated costs and savings of alternative technology

100 90 80
Renewable hydrogen with fuel cell Advanced biofuels with hybrid Hydrogen from gas & coal (plus carbon capture) with fuel cell Hydrogen from gas & coal with fuel cell

Fraction CO2 saved

70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Gasoline Diesel

Grid electricity with battery

Bioethanol

FAME Gasoline Hybrid Hydrogen from gas & coal with hybrid

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Additional cost /tonne CO2 avoided

If you dont make the system now, as Toyota continues to make hybrids much cheaper and in greater numbers, the others wont be able to catch up.

Future evolution of Hybrid Technology

Prius: gasoline
FINE-S: hydrogen

Engine Power control unitSecondary

battery

Fuel Cell Power control unit Motor

Secondary battery

Motor

Future Space
Hybrids / Electrics Zero Emission Cars Recycle Plastic Composite Cars

Fuel Cell Cars

Personal Rapid Transits (Capsules)

Intelligent Car Networks (MANETS & VANETS)

Alternate Fuels

Infotainment System

Summary

Technology offers the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from road transport but responsible vehicle use will also be an important contributor

The range of fuel and vehicle technology options are wide most vehicle manufacturers believe hybrid technology is an important step in the evolution of technology to zero emission vehicles Low carbon technologies come at a financial premium and current incentives are inadequate to change the attitudes and purchasing behaviours of most consumers
The transition to a low carbon future needs a partnership approach the LowCVP is delivering.

THANK YOU!!!!!