ATM Principles

V1.0 Data Customer Service Dept.

ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Objectives
Grasp the Basic Concept of ATM Grasp the Connection Type of ATM Have A General Knowledge of ATM Cell Structure Grasp ATM Cell Switching Principles Have A General Knowledge of ATM Service Types

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Outline
Chapter 1 ATM Overview Chapter 2 Cell and Cell Switching

Chapter 3 ATM Connection Type

Chapter 4 ATM Service Adaptation and Service Type

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Section 1 ATM Features Section 2 ATM Network Architecture Section 3 ATM Protocol Reference Model

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Brief Introduction of ATM

Internal Use Only

Late 1980s, telecom initiates a concept of ATM, aiming to integrate

voice, data and image via telecommunication networks.

In 1991, ATM is selected as the first choice to realize B-ISDN by

ITU-T.

Purpose of B-ISDN

Use a uniform network to support current and future network services Provide reliable network connection, valid network bandwidth and quality

of service (QoS).
the

first choice to realize B-ISDN

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Include multiplexing, switching and transferring system

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ATM Features
Voice
Data Image

Internal Use Only

Cells

Statistical Time Division Multiplex, increase the channel utility

Apply small fixed-length cell (53 bytes, easy for hardware switching ,
high-speed, large capacity) Connection oriented (QoS guaranteed, low latency, support real-time

service)

Support multiple service types (DDN, FR, Video, Voice, IP etc.) Comprehensive flow-control measures (Traffic Engineering)

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Statistical Multiplex

Internal Use Only

Synchronous Time Division Multiplex

Synchronous Time Division Multiplex

Frame Header

Asynchronous Time Division MultiplexStatistical Multiplex

Synchronous Time Division Multiplex

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Comparison of ATM Network and IP Network

ATM

Internal Use Only

Network Connection oriented, having N2 Problem Routing based upon Data-link Layer and VPI/VCI or identifier Have congestion notification and cell-loss priority indication QoS guarantee, real-time service guarantee Relocation of ATM Network standardization process

IP

Network Connectionless, no N2 problem Routing based upon Network Layer and IP address QoS guarantee

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ATM Technical Features Summary

Internal Use Only

Integrate Switching Integrate Transmission Integrate Service Integrate Management

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Section 1 ATM Features Section 2 ATM Network Architecture Section 3 ATM Protocol Reference Model

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Network Architecture
Network Protocol

Internal Use Only

Architecture: assembly of network layer and protocols Layer: to reduce the complexity of networks, network adopts layered

or hierarchical design. Each layer is established based upon the lower layer and provide service to upper layer, but shield the details. Layer N of Source Host is only able to communicate with peer layer of destination, the rules is called Layer N protocol.
Host A Layer N Layer N-1 Layer N protocol Layer N-1 protocol Layer 2 protocol Layer 1 protocol Host B Layer N Layer N-1

Layer 2 Layer 1

Layer 2 Layer 1

Physical Media
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ATM Network Architecture

Internal Use Only

OSI
Application Layer T E L N E T

TCP/IP
I P P H O N E

X.25

Frame Relay

ATM

Presentation Layer
Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data-link Layer Physical Layer

F T P

W W W

Upper Layer Protocol

Upper Layer Protocols

Upper Layer Protocols

TCP/DUP Internet Protocol Layer Packet Layer Data-link Layer AAL Layer ATM Layer Physical Layer

Q922 Core Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Section 1 ATM Features Section 2 ATM Network Architecture Section 3 ATM Protocol Reference Model

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ATM Protocol Reference Model

Internal Use Only

Management Plane
Control Plane User Plane

Plane Management Layer Management

Upper Layer

Upper Layer

ATM AAL ATM Layer

Physical Layer

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Planes and Functions of ATM protocol Reference Model

Internal Use Only

User Plane Transfer users message, including service related protocols, data, voice and video information.

Control Plane Used for signaling information, including establishing and tearing down connections functions etc.
Management Plane Used to maintain network and execute operation. Layer management is used to intra-layer management and plane is used to information interaction and management.

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Sub-Layer and Functions ATM protocol Reference Model

AAL Layer CS SAR ATM Layer CPCSSSCS Segment and Assembling UNI

Internal Use Only

Generation and extracting of header VPI/VCI switching of Cell Multiplex and breakdown of Cell

Physical Layer

Transmission Convergence

Cell Rate Decoupling HEC Cell Delineation Transmission frame Adaptation Generation/Recovery of Transmission frame

Physical Media

Bit timed, physical layer

CPCScommon part convergence sub-layer; SSCSservice-specific convergence sub-layer

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ATM protocol Reference Model --Physical Layer

Internal Use Only

Physical Layer:

Provide transmission channel to ATM cell, add

transmission cost to cells from ATM layer to form

AAL

continuous bit stream and get the valid cell from bit stream received from physical media to transfer to ATM

Layer.

ATM Layer

Physical Layer includes two sub-layers:

TC: Transmission Convergence ---Framing

Physical Layer

---HEC
PMD: Physical Media Dependent ---Physical Media Coding

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ATM protocol Reference Model --ATM Layer

Internal Use Only

ATM Layer:

ATM Layer is above Physical Layer, making use

of the service provided by Physical Layer and

communicate with peer layer using cell as

AAL

message unit and provide services to AAL. ATM Layer only identifies and processes cell header, which is unrelated to physical media type and the

ATM Layer

services being transferred by physical layer either. Three Functions

Adding

Physical Layer

and removing cell header

Cell forwarding, GFC (Generic Flow Control ) Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of various

Cell

connections
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ATM protocol Reference Model --ATM Layer

Internal Use Only

ATM Cell (53 bytes)=5 bytes cell header+ 48 bytes Payload

GFC (4) VCI (16) VPI (8)

GFC: Generic Flow Control, UNI Cell needs it

VPI/VCI: virtual path identifier / virtual channel identifier PTI: Payload type identifier, 3bit 1. User /Control data 2. Congestion 3. Backward Cell CLP: Cell Loss Priority HEC: Cell header Error Check 8 bit CRC

VPI (12) VCI (16) PTI CLP HEC

PTI CLP
HEC

48 Byte Payload

48 Byte Payload

ATM UNI Cell

ATM NNI Cell

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ATM Reference Model--AAL

Internal Use Only

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

Above ATM Layer, AAL is related to service, and process various services in different ways, but it will divide the upper layer information flows (various in length and rate) into 48 bytes ATM SDU and meanwhile reassembly ATM-SDU of ATM Layer and retransmit to upper layer.

AAL

ATM Layer

Physical Layer

AAL is divided into two sub-layers

CS: Convergence Sub-layer SAR: Segmentation and Reassembly

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 2 Cell and Cell Switching
Section 1 Generation of ATM Cell Section 2 Introduction of VC and VP Section 3 ATM Cell Switching

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Generation of ATM Cell

ATM Payload Processing
TCP TCP Packet

Internal Use Only

TCP Header IP Header

LLC LLC IP Header IP Header

App Data App Data

App Data App Data

IP

IP Data

TCP Header
TCP Header TCP Header

LLC/SNAP Data-link Layer

CS AAL SAR

cell tax

Divided into 48 bytes Cell, encapsulated into PDU

ATM
PHY

Add 5 bytes Cell Header ( VPI/VCI and CLP etc.)

Data Transmission Format Conversion (STS, STM, DS) Physical Media (MMF, SMF, STP, UDP,

RFC1483 defines two protocols encapsulated IP into AAL5: LLC/SNAP and VC-MUX
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ATM Network and Interface

Internal Use Only

Public UNI B-ICI

ATM Public Network UNI NNI

NNI NNI ATM Private Network

UNI

= User-to-network interface (public network UNI and Private network UNI) NNI = Network-to-network interface, generally is the interface of two switches B-ICI=Interface between two public networks, interface for two ATM networks for different carriers. Cell header is changed with counterpart.
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Packet-to-Cell Conversion
packet
Destination Address Source Address

Internal Use Only

Data

Frame Check

Cell Header

Cell

Payload Cell Header

Payload Cell Header Payload

SAR Segmentation and Reassembly

Segment in initial point and reassembly in destination point

Cell Header

Payload

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 2 Cell and Cell Switching
Section 1 Generation of ATM Cell Section 2 Introduction of VC and VP Section 3 ATM Cell Switching

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Virtual Path& Virtual Channel (VP&VC)

VCC: Virtual Channel Connection VP: Virtual Path VC: Virtual Channels Connection Identifier = VPI/VCI

Internal Use Only

VC

ATM Physical Connection VCC E3 OC12

VP

VP
VC
A VP contains multiple VCs

A VCC contains multiple VPs

VC is the logical path for different ends of ATM Networks

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 2 Cell and Cell Switching
Section 1 Generation of ATM Cell Section 2 Introduction of VC and VP Section 3 ATM Cell Switching

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ATM Switching

Internal Use Only

Input
Port VPI/VCI Port 1 2 1 3 2/9 4/5 6/4 2/9 2 1 3 1

Output
VPI/VCI 4/5 2/9 2/9 2/9 6/4 6/4 4/5

1 3
2/9

ATM switches and resolves value of VPI/VCI Value of VPI/VCI for each port is unique

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VP and VC Switching

Internal Use Only

VC Switching / Cross Connection

VP Switching Cross Connection
Port 1 VCI 1 VCI 2 VPI 1

VCI 1

VCI 2

VCI 3

VCI 4 Port 2 VCI 4

VPI 1

VPI 3

VPI 2
VPI 2

VPI 3

VCI 3

VCI 1 VCI 2

VPI 4

VPI 5

VCI 1 VCI 2 Port 3

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Virtual Channel (VC) and Virtual Path (VP)

Internal Use Only

Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Virtual Path Connection (VPC)

UNI
NNI
VC Switching
VP Switching

NNI

UNI
VC Switching

VPI = 1 VCI = 1

VPI = 2 VCI = 44

VPI = 26 VCI = 44

VPI = 20 VCI = 30

Hop by hop forwarding shown above is Cell forwarding.

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ATM Layer Completes Cell Switching

ATM Switching A A L A T M VPI 2 VCI 37 P H Y UNI Port 1 P H Y Port 2 P H Y NNI A T M

Internal Use Only

ATM Layer Port 1 2 VPI 2 1 VCI 37 51

A T M ATM Layer Port A T M 1 2 VPI 1 3 VCI 51 39

ATM Switching Port 1 P H Y Port 2 P H Y

VPI 3 VCI 39 A A L A T M P H Y UNI

A T M

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 3 ATM Connection Type

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Connection Types
S2 S6

Internal Use Only

Connection-Oriented: ATM Cell Switching S1 S3 VC S4 S7 S5 S8

VC = S1, S4, S7, S8

Data arrives via another path

Connection Types of ATM:

PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) SVC (Switching Virtual Circuit) Soft PVC (Soft-Permanent Virtual Circuit)

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Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 2/9 3 4/5 2 5/2 4 1/5 1 6/4 3 2/9 3 2/9 1 6/4

Internal Use Only

2/9

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 3/3 3 0/2 2 1/5 3 1/4 1 6/4 3 2/9 3 2/9 1 6/4 2 C 3 1/4 3 1 4/3

1
B 2 5/2 3

1/5 4/5 1/6

2
4 D

Input
1 2 1 3

Output
2 1 3 1 1/6 2/9 2/9 6/4

Input

Output

Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 4/5 5/2 6/4 2/9

2 1/0

Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 1/6 2 4/3 3 1 3 1/4 6/4 2/9 4 3 1 1/0 2/9 6/4

Need manually update VPI/VCI table of network devices by administrators

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Switching Virtual Circuit (SVC)(1)

Input Port VPI/VCI Output Port VPI/VCI Input Port VPI/VCI 1 A 1 3 UNI Signaling B 1 4 2 3 1 NNI Signaling 1 3 3 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 5/2 6/4 2/9 1 3 1

Internal Use Only

Output Port VPI/VCI 3 3 1 4/5 2/9 6/4

2/9 6/4 2/9

6/4 2/9

3 1

2/9 6/4

1 3

UNI Signaling
C

Input Port VPI/VCI

Output Port VPI/VCI

2/9 2/9 6/4

Input Port VPI/VCI

Output Port VPI/VCI

D 1 2 6/4 2/9 2 1 2/9 6/4

Signaling establishes connections dynamically

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Switching Virtual Circuit(SVC)(2)

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI
1 A 1 3 1 4 2 B 1 Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 2 1 3 4/5 5/2 6/4 2/9

Internal Use Only

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI

1 1 3 1 2/9 6/4 2/9 UNI Signaling 3 3 1 4/5 2/9 6/4

2/9 6/4 2/9

3 3 1

4/5 2/9 6/4

UNI Signaling

NNI Signalin g 2

3
2 1 4 D Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 1 3 1/6 6/4 2/9 2 3 1 4/3 2/9 6/4

2 1 3 1

1/6 2/9 2/9 6/4

Transfer data on the latest established connections

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Switching Virtual Circuit(SVC)(3)

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI

Internal Use Only

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 2/9 3 3 1 4/5

1 3 1

6/4 2/9 4

3 1

2/9 6/4 1

1 3

6/4 2/9

2/9 6/4

UNI Signaling B

UNI Signaling C 3 3 2 Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI

3 1

NNI Signaling

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 2 1 3 5/2 6/4 2/9

1 4

1 3 1

2/9 2/9 6/4

1 3

6/4 2/9

3 1

2/9 6/4

Signaling release connections dynamically

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Soft PVC (Soft-Permanent Virtual Circuit)

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 2/9 3 4/5

Internal Use Only

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 2/9 3 4/5 2/9 6/4

A UNI Signaling B

1 3
1

6/4 2/9

3 1

2/9 6/4
1

1 3

6/4 2/9

3 1

UNI Signaling 3 3 1 C

NNI Signaling

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 2 2 1 3

Input Output Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 1 1/6 6/4 2/9 2 3 1 4/3 2/9 6/4

5/2 6/4 2/9

1 3 1

2/9 2/9 6/4

1 3

SVC is established based upon PVC on UNI and dynamically established on NNI

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 4 ATM Service Adaptation and Service Type
Section 1 AAL Service Adaptation and Service Classification Section 2 ATM Service Type Introduction Section 3 IPoA Protocol and RFC1483

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AAL Service Adaptation

Internal Use Only

In ITU-T I.362 Recommendation, services are classified into A, B,C and D according to the following listed features:
Class A Service Class B Service Source and Sink relation Timing Baud rate Connection Mode Required Constant ConnectionOriented Required Variable ConnectionOriented Class C Service Not Required Variable ConnectionOriented Class D Service

Not Required Variable Connectionless

Class A Service, has defined AAL1 protocol Class B Service, has defined AAL2 protocol Class C and D Services apply AAL3/4 protocol, and later simplified AAL3/4, defined AAL5 (C) protocol.

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AAL Service Classification

Class

Internal Use Only

A: Bit Rate, Connection-Oriented service, requires timing between

Constant

source and destination sites

Typical As

service types include 64kbit/s voice and constant bit rate video service

this type of service is similar to conventional circuit switched network, thus

called CES (Circuit Emulation Service).

Class

B:
Bit Rate, Connection-Oriented service, requires timing between source

Variable

and destination sites

Typical Class VBR

service is VBR compact video service

C and D: C is Connection-Oriented while Class D is Connectionless

data service, not requires timing between source and destination sites

Class

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AAL Cell Cost (Cell Tax)

AAL-1 Cell Tax
5 Byte Header
1 byte 47 Byte Payload 45 Byte Payload

Internal Use Only

AAL-2 Cell Tax

5 Byte Header

3 bytes

AAL-3/4 Cell Tax

5 Byte Header 44 Byte Payload 4 bytes

AAL-5 Cell Tax

5 Byte Header 48 Byte Payload no cost

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 4 ATM Service Adaptation and Service Type
Section 1 AAL Service Adaptation and Service Classification Section 2 ATM Service Type Introduction Section 3 IPoA Protocol and RFC1483

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ATM Service Types

Internal Use Only

Service Standards

Traffic Descriptor QoS Parameters

Service Types

Constant Bit Rate (CBR)

Variable Bit Rate (VBR) Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) Available Bit Rate (ABR)

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ATM Service Standards

protocol

Internal Use Only

protocol

ATM Network Protocol Traffic Descriptor

Peak cell rate Sustainable cell rate Maximum burst size Minimum Cell Rate

Quality of Service (QoS)

Delay Cell Loss
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Traffic Descriptor

Internal Use Only

PCR: Peak Cell Rate ---Max data connection rate without data loss

SCR: Sustainable Cell Rate ---ATM cell average throughput in application process

MBS: Maximum Burst Size ---Maximum burst size of Cell

MCR: Minimum Cell Rate

---potential rate of application process

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Quality of Service

Internal Use Only

QoS Delay

MCTD (Maximum Cell Transfer Delay )

---Cell transfer time from one end to the other end of network

CDVT (Cell Delay Variation Tolerance) ---Cell line distortion caused by transmission

Cell Loss

LCR (Cell Loss Ratio) --- Cell Loss Ratio caused by network congestion

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ATM Service Types--CBR

CBR: Constant Bit Rate
Application Real-Time Voice and Image

Internal Use Only

QoS

Receiving State
Traffic Descriptor PCR Peak Cell Rate Cell Loss Rate Cell Delay Low High

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ATM Service Types--VBR-RT/VBR-NRT

Internal Use Only

VBR-RT/VBR-NRT: Variable Bit Rate

Application Packet-based Voice and Image

Traffic Descriptor
Peak Cell Rate

QoS Receiving State Low High

Sustainable Cell Rate Maximum Burst Size Cell Loss Cell Delay (Real-Time)

Cell Delay (Non-Real-Time)

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ATM Service Type--UBR

UBR: Unspecified Bit Rate
Application Data Transfer

Internal Use Only

Traffic Descriptor

QoS Receiving State

None

Low

High

Cell Delay Cell Loss

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ATM Service Type--ABR

ABR: Available Bit Rate
Application LAN Data Interconnection

Internal Use Only

Traffic Descriptor

QoS Receiving State

Peak Cell Rate Minimum Cell Rate

Low

High

Cell Loss

Cell Delay

Apply CCS (Congestion Control Scheme )

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ForUse Internal Internal Only Use Only

Course Content
Chapter 4 ATM Service Adaptation and Service Type
Section 1 AAL Service Adaptation and Service Classification Section 2 ATM Service Type Introduction Section 3 IPoA Protocol and RFC1483

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IPoA Protocol

Internal Use Only

IPOA(IP Over ATM) is a type of technology that transfer IP data packet over ATM-LAN.

It is a regulation that defines establishing connection between ATM terminals over ATM Network, especially the SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) to perform IP data packet communication.

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Two Types of Encapsulation in RFC 1483

Internal Use Only

RFC1483R (Routing Encapsulation): describe the

internet service (IP packet) carried on ATM AAL5 PDU.

RFC1483B (Bridge Encapsulation): describes that ATM

AAL5 PDU carries network internal (MAC Frames) service.

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RFC 1483R Protocol Structure

Internal Use Only

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RFC 1483B Protocol Structure

Internal Use Only

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Summary

Internal Use Only

Whats basic concept of ATM? Where is ATM in protocol stack? How many parts does ATM Cell consisted of? What are they? How does ATM perform Cell switching? How many service types does ATM include? What are they?

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