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EXTENDED SURFACE

HEAT TRANSFER
Alex Duge

Victor Fontecchio

Prince Gammage

Nathan Hammond

Nicholas Bembridge

Heriberto Cortes

Adam Hollrith

Sam Zaila
Overview
Heat Transfer
Theory
Applications
Introduction to Experiment
Apparatus
Heat Transfer
Deals with the determination of rates of
energy transfer
Can transfer energy by conduction,
convection, and radiation
Requires the existence of a temperature
difference
Transfer is from high-temperature medium to
a low-temperature medium
h the rate of heat transfer between a solid
surface and a fluid per unit surface area per
unit temperature difference
THEORY
Assumptions

Steady Operation
No Heat Generated
Constant Thermal Conductivity (k)
Constant Convection Coefficient (h)
Neglect Radiation
Rate of heat
conduction into
the element at 'x'
Rate of heat
conduction from the
element at 'x+
A
x'
Rate of heat
convection from
the element
=
+
Q
conv
hA T
s
T
inf

( )
Q
cond
kA
c

x
T
d
d

Q
cond
Q
cond
x Ax + Q
conv
+ ,
Q
cond
x Ax + Q
cond
Q
conv
+ 0 ,
Differential Element
from Fin
Taking 'A' to be Pdx
Where P 2 w h + ( ) (perimeter)
Q
conv
hp T T
inf

( )
dx
Q
cond
x Ax + Q
cond
,
Ax
hp T T
inf

( )
+
in the limit as
A
x goes to infinity we get
x
Q
cond
d
d
hp T T
inf

( )
+ 0
x
kA
c

dT
dx
|

\
|
|
.
d
d
hp T T
inf

( )
+ 0
if ' k' and ' A' are constant then
kA
c

d
2
T
d x
2

hp T T
inf

( )
+ 0
let
u T T
inf

a
2
hp
kA
c
d
2
u
dx
2
a
2
u 0
general solution
u x ( ) C
1
e
ax
C
2
e
ax
+
boundary conditions
u 0 ( ) u
b
T
b
T
inf

u L ( ) T L ( ) T
inf
0 assuming at L, the temperature of
the f in equals the temperature of
the surrounding
our solution becomes
u x ( )
u
b
e
ax T x ( ) T
inf

T
b
T
inf

e
hp
kA
c
|

\
|
|
.
x
Variation of
Temperature
along a Fin
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
375
290
T x ( )
15 0 x
Fins
The purpose of a fin
How it works
Fin Effectiveness
Purpose of a Fin
Fins are extended surfaces that are utilized in
the removal of heat from a body
One can increase heat transfer by increasing
the heat transfer coefficient or increasing the
surface area
Finned surfaces are manufactured by
extruding, welding, or wrapping a thin metal
sheet on a surface
How fins work
Fins enhance heat transfer from a
surface by exposing a larger surface
area to convection and radiation
Fin Effectiveness
The usage of fins
cannot be supported
unless the
enhancement in heat
transfer justifies the
added cost and
complexity with the fins
Fin effectiveness is
defined as the ratio of
heat transfer with a fin
to heat transfer without
a fin
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
375
290
T x ( )
15 0 x
FORCED CONVECTION
What is Forced Convection?
How is it calculated?
Is there a maximum forced convection?

What is Forced
Convection?
Forced convection is when a fluid is
forced to flow over a surface by external
means such as a pump, fan, or wind
tunnel
One resorts to forced convection
whenever an increase in the rate of heat
transfer from a hot object is desired
How is it calculated?
Nu - Nusselt number
Re - Reynolds number
Pr Prandtl number
Nusselt number
Nu = (h*o )/k
The dimensionless convection heat
transfer coefficient
Represents the enhancement of heat
transfer through a fluid layer as a result
of convection to conduction across the
same fluid layer
The larger the Nusselt number, the
more effective the convection
Reynolds number
Re
L
= (L)/ = (L)/v
The Reynolds number characterizes the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow
The flow regime in forced convection is
governed by Reynolds number, which
represents the ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces acting on the fluid
Prandtl number
Pr = v/o = (C
p
)/k
The Prandtl number describes the relative
thickness of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layers
Pr is the ratio of the Molecular diffusivity of
momentum to Molecular diffusivity of heat
The development of the velocity boundary
relative to the thermal boundary layer will
have a strong effect on convection heat
transfer
Is there a maximum
forced convection?
The heat transfer coefficient reaches its
highest values when the flow becomes
fully turbulent, approaches a peak
value, and gradually decreases
This is due to the increase in
temperature from the growing friction
between the air and the surface
Special Note
For conditions that are laminar,
turbulent, or any combination thereof,
the Nusselt number can be expressed
in terms of the Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers
Nu = (hL)/k = CRe
m
Pr
n

C,m, and n are constants
FREE CONVECTION
What is Free Convection?
How is it calculated?

What is Free
Convection?
Free or natural convection is where fluid
motion occurs by natural means, such
as buoyancy
Heat transfer coefficients encountered
in natural convection are usually much
lower than those encountered in forced
convection, due to the low velocities
associated with natural convection
How is it calculated?
Nu Nusselt number
Gr Grashoff number
Ra Rayleigh number

Nu Nusselt number
Nu = (h*o )/k = C(GrPr)
n
= CRa
n

The Nusselt number is also present in
natural convection
In natural convection, the Nusselt
number is related to the Grashoff and
Rayleigh number
Gr Grashoff number
Gr = (gAV)/v
2
= (gBAT)/v
2

The flow regime in natural convection is
governed by the dimensionless number, the
Grashoff number
The Grashof number is the ratio of Buoyancy
forces to Viscous Forces
The Grashoff number provides the main
criterion in determining whether the fluid flow
is laminar or turbulent in natural convection
Ra-Rayleigh number
Ra = GrPr
The Rayleigh number is the product of
the Grashoff and Prandtl numbers
C and n depend on the geometry of the
surface and flow regime
Fin Applications
Commonly used in practice to enhance heat
transfer
Fins are often seen in electrical appliance
such as in computer power supply cooling or
substation transformers and are also used for
engine cooling such as car radiators
Fin designs are only limited by imagination
INTRODUCTION
What is the experiment?
What is the objective of
the experiment?
What is the experiment?
A Thermal Fluids lab that will utilize a
wind tunnel and a 0.29m fin to focus on
the concepts of fins and heat transfer
that are presented in Chapters 15,17,
and 18 of the Fundamentals of Thermal-
Fluid Sciences text by Yunus A, Cengel

What is the objective of
the experiment?
To examine the heat transfer in a single
cylindrical extended surface in free or
forced convection
To develop an understanding of fin
effectiveness and the parameters which
influence it
APPARATUS
A constant temperature bath
An extended surface constructed from
aluminum
Thermocouples
Digital temperature indicator
Switchbox
Wind tunnel
Temperature Bath
Fin
Thermocouples
Digital temperature
indicator
Switchbox
Wind tunnel
DATA TABLE
Counter
Reading

Tb

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T(inf)
0




















5




















10




















15




















20




















25




















To Be Continued

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