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Gambaran Besar
Memberi definisi malnutrition Menjelaskan penyebab-penyebab malnutrisi Menjelaskan beberapa penyakit-penyakit terkait dengan malnutrisi Bagaimana dokter-dokter bisa menolong pasien-pasien menghindari malnutrisi
Definisi Malnutrition
Apa yg dimakan tidak cukup, terlalu banyak, atau pola makan yg tidak seimbang
Biasanya waktu orang berpikir tentang malnutrition, mereka berpikir tentang orang yg kurus atau atau orang dng gejala kekurangan atau orang yg tidak ada cukup uang untuk makanan Tetapi orang yg obese juga ada masalah malnutrisi
Malnutrisi
World Health Organization (WHO) memberitahu bahwa malnutrisi masalah paling besar di dunia Malnutrisi menpengaruhi kebanyakan kematian anak-anak, separuh kematian anak di dunia karena anak tidak ada cukup gizi
Indonesia
13 million children are malnourished 80 million people in Indonesia are living below the poverty line
Anemia
Marasmus
Caused by a deficiency in all nutrients but especially calories and protein Gejala klinis
Emaciated (kurus sekali) Berat Badan < 80% ideal Anak tidak ada lemak Kehilangan massa otot Kulit kering Lekas marah Lapar sekali
Marasmus
Pengobatan
Harus mengobat masalah dan complikasi
Infeksi Dihidrasi Masalah dng peredaran darah
Kalau tidak mengobat semua masalah dengan Marasmus, anak-anak bisa meninggal
Kwashiorkor
Masalah dari kekurangan protein, antioxidants, dan micronutrients Biasanya ini mulai sesudah bayi berhenti minum ASI dari Ibu
Kwashiorkor
Gejala klinis:
Edema, especially in the feet Irritability Enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates Thinning hair Loss of teeth Dermatitis
Iodine Deficiency
This is the easiest nutrient deficiency to correct Most preventable cause of mental impairment in the world
Iodine Deficiency
Goiter (less severe)
Enlarged thyroid gland due to bodys attempt to increase thyroid hormone production
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
Only needs a few grams of iodine per tons of salt to fix this problem In Australia, New Zealand, they are now requiring all breads to be made with iodine enriched salt
Vitamin A Deficiency
Number one cause of preventable blindness in the world Increases the risk of infections and death
Diarrhea Measles
Vitamin A Deficiency
night blindness xerosis of the conjunctiva and cornea keratinization epithelia cells growth retardation follicular hyperkeratosis of the skin failure of reproduction increased susceptibility to infections and death
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Presentation
Vitamin A Deficiency
Pengobatan
Supplemen Vitamin A Makan ubi-ubi, wortel, bayam, manga,
Thiamine deficiency
Beriberi
orang makan nasi putih tetapi tidak makan cukup nutrient lain Times of famine
Clinical Presentation
Thiamin Deficiency
Pengobatan
Memberi supplemen atau suntik (this leads to rapid recovery within an hour to several hours) If no supplement is available, feed the patient whole wheat bread, semangka, kacang hijau
Niacin Deficiency
Causes Pellagra
Usually due to a corn based diet Is found in Indonesia, China, and other places
Advanced stages
3 Ds of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia 4th D of pellagra is death if not treated
Pellagra
If left untreated, will cause death within 4 to 5 years Treatment is nicotinamide, chemical Makan jamur, kentang, dada ayam, tuna
Rickets
Five facts:
Both adults and children can get rickets, but it is more frequently seen in children. It is most often caused by lack of vitamin D, leading to lack of calcium absorption in the gut and lack of calcium in bones. Children ages 6 months to 24 months are at highest risk, because their bones are rapidly growing. It can also be caused from famine or starvation during early stages of childhood. Long-term consequences include permanent bends or disfiguration of the long bones, and a curved back.
Rickets
Gejala klinis:
Bone pain, tenderness Dental problems Muscle weakness slinky baby syndrome Increase in fractures Bone deformity
Clinical Presentation
Rickets
Treatment
Sunshine when the sun is brightest Increase calcium intake susu, yogurt, keju
Zinc Deficiency
Occurs in both plants and animals Zinc deficiency is the 5th leading risk factor in disease in the developing world Increases the incidence and severity of diarrhea and pneumonia
Zinc Deficiency
Symptoms for humans include:
Growth retardation Arrested sexual development Impaired digestive function Diarrhea Impaired immune function Many, many more
Zinc Deficiency
Penting untuk tanam-tanaman Kalau tidak ada cukup zinc, tanam-tanaman tidak bisa bertumbuh dengan baik Now, people are trying to fortify fertilizer with zinc
This helps the crops grow successfully and increases zinc in the diet of those that eat the crops
Obesitas
Multiple definitions of obesity
>120% berat badan ideal (BBI) >25% lemak tubuh untuk pria OR >33% lemak tubuh untuk wanita >30 BMI
3 derajat obesitas
Ringan = 120%-140% BBI Sedang = 141%-200% BBI Berat = >200% BBI
Obesitas
Leading preventable cause of death in the world Many view it as the greatest problem of the 21st century
Metode Intervensi
May include some or all of the following:
Diet Modifikasi perilaku Olahraga Operasi Obat-obatan Alat-alat tertentu
Masalah lain
Banyak petani tidak mampu membeli pupuk, pestisida, dan irigasi Cuaca berubah Overpopulation Orang-orang makan banyak tetapi makanan tidak sehat (masalah besar di Amerika)
Educate
Masalah besar sekarang adalah orang tua tidak memberi makanan yang sehat kepada anak Juga, orang yang miskin perlu belajar pola makan yg sehat supaya waktu mereka beli makanan untuk keluarga mereka akan beli makanan yg sehat dan bergizi (daripada snak-snak untuk anak)
The End
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