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. We apply the analysis to an infinitesimal control volume or at a point. The governing equations are differential equations and provide detailed analysis. Around only 80 exact solutions to the governing differential equations. We look to simplifying assumptions to solve the equations. Numerical methods provide another avenue for solution (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
time dependence
spatial dependence
() =
i+ j+ k , x y z
General Motion
Linear Motion
Deformation: Velocity gradients can cause deformation, stretching resulting in a change in volume of the fluid element.
The shape does not change, linear deformation 5 The linear deformation is zero for incompressible fluids.
=0
For an infinitesimal control volume: Now, we look at the mass flux in the x-direction: Out: In:
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Net rate of mass in the outflow y-direction: Net rate of mass in the outflow z-direction: Net rate of mass flow for all directions:
Now, combining the two parts for the infinitesimal control volume: + Divide out =0
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Now, substitute the stream function into continuity: It satisfies the continuity condition. The slope at any point along a streamline:
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If we apply the control volume approach to an infinitesimal control volume, we would end up with the same result.
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Surface Forces:
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The first subscript indicates the plane on which the stress acts and the second subscript the direction 15
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Now, the surface forces acting on a small cubicle element in each direction.
In components:
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Inviscid Flow
An inviscid flow is a flow in which viscosity effects or shearing effects become negligible. If this is the case, And, we define A compressive force give a positive pressure. The equations of motion for this type of flow then becomes the following:
Eulers Equations
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The above equation, though simpler than the generalized equations, are still highly non-linear partial differential equations: There is no general method of solving these equations for an analytical solution. The Eulers equation, for special situations can lead to some useful information about inviscid flow fields.
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Shear Stresses:
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L. M. H. Navier (1758-1836)
(x direction)
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Local Acceleration
Pressure term
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Assumptions: 1. Plates are infinite and parallel/horizontal 2. The flow is steady and laminar 3. Fluid flows 2D, in the x-direction only u=u(y) only, v and w = 0 4. Fully develop 5. 5. Incompressible
3
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The pressure gradient must be specified and is typically constant in this flow! The sign is 28 negative.
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The pressure gradient must be specified and is typically constant in this flow! The sign is 30 negative.