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Differential Analysis: Introduction Some problems require more detailed analysis.

. We apply the analysis to an infinitesimal control volume or at a point. The governing equations are differential equations and provide detailed analysis. Around only 80 exact solutions to the governing differential equations. We look to simplifying assumptions to solve the equations. Numerical methods provide another avenue for solution (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

Kinematic Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative

time dependence

spatial dependence

We note: Then, substituting:

The above is good for any fluid particle, so we drop A:

Kinematic Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative


Writing out these terms in vector components: x-direction: y-direction: z-direction: Writing these results in short-hand: where,

() =

i+ j+ k , x y z

Kinematics: Deformation of a Fluid Element


General deformation of fluid element is rather complex, however, we can break the different types of deformation or movement into a superposition of each type.

General Motion

Linear Motion

Rotational Motion Linear deformation Angular Deformation


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Kinematics: Linear Motion and Deformation


Linear Motion/Translation due to u and v velocity: Simplest form of motion the element moves as a solid body. Unlikely to be the only affect as we see velocity gradients in the fluid.

Deformation: Velocity gradients can cause deformation, stretching resulting in a change in volume of the fluid element.

Rate of Change for one direction:

For all 3 directions:

The shape does not change, linear deformation 5 The linear deformation is zero for incompressible fluids.

=0

Conservation of Mass: Cartesian Coordinates


System: Control Volume:

Now apply to an infinitesimal control volume:

For an infinitesimal control volume: Now, we look at the mass flux in the x-direction: Out: In:
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Conservation of Mass: Cartesian Coordinates


Net rate of mass in the outflow x-direction:

Net rate of mass in the outflow y-direction: Net rate of mass in the outflow z-direction: Net rate of mass flow for all directions:

Now, combining the two parts for the infinitesimal control volume: + Divide out =0
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Conservation of Mass: Cartesian Coordinates


Finally, the differential form of the equation for Conservation of Mass: a.k.a. The Continuity Equation In vector notation, the equation is the following:

If the flow is steady and compressible:

If the flow is steady and incompressible:

Conservation of Mass: Cylindrical-Polar Coordinates

If the flow is steady and compressible:

If the flow is steady and incompressible:

Conservation of Mass: Stream Functions


Stream Functions are defined for steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow. Continuity: Then, we define the stream functions as follows:

Now, substitute the stream function into continuity: It satisfies the continuity condition. The slope at any point along a streamline:
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Conservation of Mass: Stream Functions


Streamlines are constant, thus d = 0:

Now, calculate the volumetric flow rate between streamlines:

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Conservation of Mass: Stream Functions


In cylindrical coordinates:

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Conservation of Linear Momentum


System: Control Volume: We could apply either approach to find the differential form. It turns out the System approach is better as we dont bound the mass, and allow a differential mass. P is linear momentum,

By system approach, m is constant.

If we apply the control volume approach to an infinitesimal control volume, we would end up with the same result.

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Conservation of Linear Momentum: Forces Descriptions


Body forces or surface forces act on the differential element: surface forces act on the surface of the element while body forces are distributed throughout the element (weight is the only body force we are concerned with). Body Forces:

Surface Forces:

Normal Stress: Shear Stress:

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Conservation of Linear Momentum: Forces Descriptions


Looking at the various sides of the differential element, we must use subscripts to indicate the shear and normal stresses (shown for an x-face).

The first subscript indicates the plane on which the stress acts and the second subscript the direction 15

Conservation of Linear Momentum: Forces Descriptions

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Now, the surface forces acting on a small cubicle element in each direction.

Then the total forces:


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Conservation of Linear Momentum: Equations of Motion

Now, we both sides of the equation in the system approach:

In components:

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Conservation of Linear Momentum: Equations of Motion

Writing out the terms for the Generalize Equation of Motion:


Force Terms Material derivative for a

The motion is rather complex.

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Inviscid Flow
An inviscid flow is a flow in which viscosity effects or shearing effects become negligible. If this is the case, And, we define A compressive force give a positive pressure. The equations of motion for this type of flow then becomes the following:

Eulers Equations
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Inviscid Flow: Eulers Equations


Famous Swiss mathematician who pioneered work on the relationship between pressure and flow. In vector notation Eulers Equation:

Leonhard Euler (1707 1783)

The above equation, though simpler than the generalized equations, are still highly non-linear partial differential equations: There is no general method of solving these equations for an analytical solution. The Eulers equation, for special situations can lead to some useful information about inviscid flow fields.
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Viscous Flows: Surface Stress Terms


Now, we allow viscosity effects for an incompressible Newtonian Fluid: Cartesian Coordinates: Normal Stresses:

Shear Stresses:

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Viscous Flows: Navier-Stokes Equations


French Mathematician, L. M. H. Navier (1758-1836) and English Mathematician Sir G. G. Stokes (1819-1903) formulated the Navier-Stokes Equations by including viscous effects in the equations of motion. Now plugging the stresses into the differential equations of motion for incompressible flow give Navier-Stokes Equations:

L. M. H. Navier (1758-1836)

Sir G. G. Stokes (1819-1903)

(x direction)

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Viscous Flows: Navier Stokes Equations


Terms in the x-direction:

Local Acceleration

Advective Acceleration (non-linear terms)

Pressure term

Weight term Viscous terms

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Viscous Flows: Navier-Stokes Equations


There are very few exact solutions to Navier-Stokes Equations, maybe a total of 80 that fall into 8 categories. The Navier-Stokes equations are highly non-linear and are difficult to solve. Some simple exact solutions presented in the text are the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates Couette Flow Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes Steady, Axial Laminar Flow in an Annulus

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Viscous Flows: Exact Solutions/Parallel Plate Flow


Assumptions: 1. Plates are infinite and parallel/horizontal 2. The flow is steady and laminar 3. Fluid flows 2D, in the x-direction only u=u(y) only, v and w = 0 4. Fully develop 5. Incompressible

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Assumptions: 1. Plates are infinite and parallel/horizontal 2. The flow is steady and laminar 3. Fluid flows 2D, in the x-direction only u=u(y) only, v and w = 0 4. Fully develop 5. 5. Incompressible

3
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Viscous Flows: Exact Solutions/Parallel Plate Flow


3 3

Navier-Stokes Equations Simplify Considerably:

(Integrate Twice) Applying Boundary conditions (no-slip conditions at y = h) and solve:

The pressure gradient must be specified and is typically constant in this flow! The sign is 28 negative.

Viscous Flows: Exact Solutions/Parallel Plate Flow


Solution is Parabolic:

Can determine Volumetric Flow Rate:

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Viscous Flows: Exact Solutions/Parallel Plate Flow


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Navier-Stokes Equations Simplify Considerably:

(Integrate Twice) Applying Boundary conditions (no-slip conditions at y = h) and solve:

The pressure gradient must be specified and is typically constant in this flow! The sign is 30 negative.

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