THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

Supervised by: Oktavia Widiastuti, M.Pd

Written by:

Muhammad Nur Hasan (11620060) Rudin Wijiono (11620061) Ainiyatul Fikriyah (11620062) Rizkia Rodhia Rohima (11620063)

INTRODUCTION

In Origin of Species, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection. Natural selection is a natural process which acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous variations within living systems.

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WHAT IS A SPECIES?

The literal meaning of species is kinds. Species is defined as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding naturalpopulations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups (biological species concept).

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HOW IS REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BEETWEN MAINTAINED?

Reproductive

isolation is the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring. Hybrids are the offspring of crosses between different species. Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether factors act before or after fertilization.

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PREZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS

Geographic isolation. Species occur in different areas, separated by a physical barrier such as a river or mountain range.

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Ecological isolation. Species occur in the same area but occupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environment of their parents

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Temporal isolation. Species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day.

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Behavioral isolation. Species differ in their mating rituals.

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Mechanical isolation. Structural differences between species such as these copepods prevent mating between the sexes.

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Prevention of gamete fusion. Gametes of one species usually function poorly with the gametes of another species, preventing the formation of a zygote.

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POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS

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HOW DO NEW SPECIES FORM?

Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two species. Not all evolutionary changes result in new species. The critical process in the formation of new species is the segregation of the gene pool of the ancestral species into two separate gene pools.

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ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
Allopatric speciation is thought to be the dominant form of speciation among most groups of organisms. Allopatric speciation also may result when some members of a population cross a barrier and form a new, isolated population.

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SYMPATRIC SPECIATION OCCURS

A partition of a gene pool that occurs without physical separation is called sympatric speciation. The most common means of sympatric speciation is polyploidy, an increase in the number of chromosomes.

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WHAT CAUSES EXTINCTION?

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Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction elements include agricultural land conversion, deforestation, overgrazing and urbanization; within these activities the process of habitat fragmentation is a sometimes hidden cause of major biodiversity loss.

Aerial photograph of dry forest scrub in southern Zambia, fragmented by agricultural land conversion. 2008

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Overexplotation
Overexploitation consists of intensive mineral and other geological resource extraction, overharvesting of wild flora and fauna (mainly for human food), hunting or fishing threatened fauna and killing of threatened fauna for herbal or cultural extracts.

Modern biotic extracts store in Hong Kong, China. Certain of these products represent trade in organisms that are endangered species. Source: C. Michael Hogan

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POLLUTION
Pollution impacts include buildup of toxic atmospheric substances, discharge of water pollutants into natural water reserves, chemical contamination of soils and noise pollution.

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Introduction of Alien Species

Introduction of alien species is usually an unintended activity where seeds, stowaway fauna aboard ships and other viably reproducing biota are transported by man to a new environment.

The Signal crayfish has been introduced into vast areas of Europe and Asia, where it has decimated many native species. Source: C.Michael Hogan

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DISEASE AND PARASITISM

The phenomena of disease and parasitism often weaken organisms and interfere with metabolic function.

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Cryptic Habitats
A special problem arises in the case of cryptic habitats, defined as portions of an ecosystem that are largely hidden from normal investigative view of scientists, or which have components that are not readily discoverable with state of the art research techniques.

Small geyser pool at Yellowstone NP, USA showing a cryptic habitat inhabited by extremophile microorganisms. Source: C. Michael Hogan

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EVOLUTIONARY CONNECTION
Evolution is a branch of biology that studies the history of the origin of species and the genetic relationship between one of species with each other.

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LAMARCK'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Firstly, the idea of use and disuse.

the environment to the offspring.

Secondly, the nature or acquired traits can be inherited from

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LAMARCK'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

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DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION.

Firstly, the species living today are derived from

species that lived in the past. Secondly, natural selection is the cause of adaptive evolution.

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WALLACE'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION.

Developed a theory of natural selection which is basically the same as that proposed by Darwin. Namely the competition between intra-and inter-individual species or survival of the

fittest.

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DARWIN AND WALLACE'S THEORY

Natural selection is more profitable long neck giraffe. Long neck giraffe can reach the high leaves, can survive while the short neck can not do it.

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WEISMANN THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Evolution involves the inheritance of genes through sex cells. This means that the evolution of the symptoms associated with the natural selection of genetic factors.

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THE END. . .

Thanks your attention. . . . !!!

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