1

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(ANOVA)

Heibatollah Baghi, and
Mastee Badii
2
Purpose of ANOVA
Use one-way Analysis of Variance to test
when the mean of a variable (Dependent
variable) differs among three or more groups
For example, compare whether systolic blood
pressure differs between a control group and two
treatment groups
3
Purpose of ANOVA
One-way ANOVA compares three or more groups defined by a
single factor.
For example, you might compare control, with drug treatment
with drug treatment plus antagonist. Or might compare control
with five different treatments.
Some experiments involve more than one factor. These data
need to be analyzed by two-way ANOVA or Factorial ANOVA.
For example, you might compare the effects of three different
drugs administered at two times. There are two factors in that
experiment: Drug treatment and time.
4
Why not do repeated t-tests?
Rather than using one-way ANOVA, you might be
tempted to use a series of t tests, comparing two
groups each time. Dont do it.
Repeated t-test increase the chances of type I error
or multiple comparison problem
If you are making comparison between 5 groups,
you will need 10 comparison of means
When the null hypothesis is true the probability that
at least 1 of the 10 observed significance levels is
less than 0.05 is about 0.29
5
Why not do repeated t-tests?
With 10 means (45 comparisons), the probability of
finding at least one significant difference is about
0.63
In other words, when level of significance is .05,
there is a 1 in 20 chance that one t-test will yield a
significant result even when the null hypothesis is
true.
The more t-test the more that probability will
increase
6
What Does ANOVA Do?
ANOVA involves the partitioning of variance of the
dependent variable into different components:
A. Between Group Variability
B. Within Group Variability
More Specifically, The Analysis of Variance is a
method for partitioning the Total Sum of Squares
into two Additive and independent parts.
7
Definition of Total Sum of
Squares or Variance
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
Case
Group
1
Group
2
Group
p
1 X
11
X
21
X
p1
2 X
12
X
22
X
p2
3 X
13
X
23
X
p3
..
n X
1n
X
2n
.. X
pn
Summed across
all n times p
observations
8
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
Definition of Between Sum of
Squares
Case
Group
1
Group
2
Group
p
1 X
11
X
21
X
p1
2 X
12
X
22
X
p2
3 X
13
X
23
X
p3
..
n X
1n
X
2n
.. X
pn
Sum of squared
differences
of group means
from the grand
mean is SS
B
9
Definition of Within Sum of
Squares
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
Case
Group
1
Group
2
Group
p
1 X
11
X
21
X
p1
2 X
12
X
22
X
p2
3 X
13
X
23
X
p3
..
n X
1n
X
2n
.. X
pn
Sum of squared
difference
of observations
from group means
10
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
Partitioning of Variance into
Different Components
Total sum
of squares
Between
groups
sum of
squares
Within
groups
sum of
squares
11
Test Statistic in ANOVA
Test statistic for ANOVA
is based on between &
within groups SS
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
12
Test Statistic in ANOVA
F = Between group variability / Within group
variability
The source of Within group variability is the individual
differences.
The source of Between group variability is effect of
independent or grouping variables.
Within group variability is sampling error across the cases
Between group variability is effect of independent groups
or variables
13
Steps in Test of Hypothesis
1. Determine the appropriate test
2. Establish the level of significance:
3. Determine whether to use a one tail or two tail test
4. Calculate the test statistic
5. Determine the degree of freedom
6. Compare computed test statistic against a
tabled/critical value
Same as Before
14
1. Determine the Appropriate Test
Independent random samples have been taken from each
population
Dependent variable population are normally distributed (ANOVA
is robust with regards to this assumption)
Population variances are equal (ANOVA is robust with regards to
this assumption)
Subjects in each group have been independently sampled
15
2. Establish Level of Significance
is a predetermined value
The convention
= .05
= .01
= .001
16
3. Use a Two Tailed Test
H
o
:
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
Where

1
= population mean for group 1

2
= population mean for group 2

3
= population mean for group 3

4
= population mean for group 4

H
1
= not H
o
17
3. Use a Two Tailed Test
H
a
= not H
o

The alternative hypothesis does not
specify whether

1
=
2
or

2
=
3
or


1
= 3


18
4. Calculating Test Statistics
F = (SS
b
/ df
B
) / (SS
w
/ df
w
)
19
4. Calculating Test Statistics
By dividing the sum of the squared deviations by
degrees of freedom, we are essentially computing
an average (or mean) amount of variation
The specific name for the numerator of the F
statistic is the mean square between (the
average amount of between-group variation
The specific name for the denominator of the F
statistic is the mean square within (the average
amount of within- group variation)
9.13
3.83
35

Within MS
MSBetween
Fc = = =
20
5. Determine Degrees of
Freedom
Degrees of freedom between
df
B
= k 1
K = number of groups
Degrees of freedom within
df
w
= N k
N = total number of subjects in the study
21
6. Compare the Computed Test
Statistic Against a Tabled Value
= .05
If F
c
> F

Reject H
0
If F
c
> F

Can not Reject H

0

22
Example
Suppose we had patients with myocardial infarction
in the following groups:
Group 1: A music therapy group
Group 2: A relaxation therapy group
Group 3: A control group
15 patients are randomly assigned to the 3 groups
and then their stress levels are measured to
determine if the interventions were effective in
minimizing stress.

23
Example
Dependent Variable
The stress scores. The ranges are from zero
(no stress) to 10 (extreme stress)
Independent Variable or Factor
Treatment Conditions(3 levels)

24
Observations
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
0 1 5
6 4 6
2 3 10
4 2 8
3 0 6
Mean 3 2 7
25
Sum of Squares for Each Group
Group 1
0
Group 2
1
Group 3
5
6 4 6
2 3 10
4 2 8
3 0 6
SS
1
= 20 SS
2
= 10 SS
3
= 16
n1=5 n2= 5 n3 = 5
3.0 X1 = 2.0 X2 = 7.0 X3 =
26
SS Within
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j 1
2
3j
3
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j 1
2
3j
3
27
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j 1
2
3j
3
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
70 4) - 5(7 4) - 5(2 4) - 5(3 SSBetween
46 16 10 20 SSWithin
16 7) - (6 7) - (8 7) - (10 7) - (6 7) - (5
) X ( SS
10 2) - (0 2) - (2 2) - (3 2) - (4 2) - (1
) X ( SS
20 3) - (3 3) - (4 3) - (2 3) - (6 3) - (0
) ( SS
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + + =
= + + =

= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
= + + + + =
E =
X
X
X X
3j
2j
1j 1
2
3j
3
Number
of cases
SS Between
Group 2
average
Group 1
average
Group 3
average
Grand
average
28
Sum of Squares Total
116 4) - (6 4) - (8 4) - (10
4) - (6 4) - (5 4) - (0 4) - (2
4) - (3 4) - (4 4) - (1 4) - (3
4) - (4 4) - (2 4) - (6 4) - (0 SSTotal
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
= + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + =
29
Components of Variance
SS
Total
= SS
Between
+ SS
Within
116 = 70 + 46
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
) ,......., 1 ; ,......, 1 (
) ( ) ( n ) (
2
.
2
..
2
..
p j n i
X X X X X X
n
i i
j
ij
p
i j
p
i j
ij
n
i i
ij
p
i j
= =
+ =

= = = = =
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
.j .j
30
Degrees of Freedom
Df
between
= 3 -1
Df
within
= 15 - 3



df
B
= k 1
df
w
= N k
31
Test Statistic
MS
Between
= 70 / 2 = 35
MS
Within
= 46 / 12 = 3.83
F
c
= MS
Between
/ MS
Within

F
c
= 35 / 3.83 = 9.13
32
Lookup Critical Value
F

= 3.88
33
Conclusions
F
c
= 9.13 > F

= 3.88
F
c
> F

Therefore Reject H
0
34
One-way ANOVA Summary
Source SS DF MS F
c
F

-------------- ------ ------ -------- ------ ------
Between 70 2 35 9.13 3.88
Within 46 12 3.83
------- ------ ---- ----- ----- -------
Total 116 14
35
Multiple Comparison
Groups
F test does not tell which pair are
not equal
Additional analysis is necessary to
answer which pair are not equal
36
Fishers LSD Test
These are the null and alternative hypothesis
being tested

H
o1
: 1 = 2 H
a1
: 1 = 2
H
o2
: 1 = 3
Ha2
: 1 = 3
H
o3
: 2 = 3 H
a3
: 2 = 3

37
Fishers LSD Test
Known as the protected t-test
The least difference between means needed for
significance
Df = N K
Use the following formula:
) / 2 ( 05 . n MSw t LSD=
) / 2 ( 05 . n MSw t LSD=
) / 2 ( 05 . n MSw t LSD=
38
Calculation of LSD
All pairs for means differing by at least 2.70
points on the stress scale would be
significantly different from on another.
70 . 2 ) 40 (. 83 . 3 18 . 2 = = LSD
39
Application to Three
Samples
Mean 1 Mean 2 = 1
Mean 3 Mean 1 = 4
Mean 3 Mean 2 = 5
Alternative Hypotheses:
H
o1
:1 = 2 Not Rejected
H
o2
:1 = 3 Rejected
H
o3
:2 = 3 Rejected
40
Use of SPSS in ANOVA
41
Data in SPSS
Input Format
Stress Score Groups
0 1
6 1
2 1
4 1
3 1
1 2
4 2
3 2
2 2
0 2
5 3
6 3
10 3
8 3
6 3
42
SPSS Output for ANOVA



Descriptives

Stress Levels

Music Therapy

5

3.00

2.236

1.000

.22

5.78

0

6

Relaxation
Therapy

5

2.00

1.581

.707

.04

3.96

0

4

Control Group

5

7.00

2.000

.894

4.52

9.48

5

10



N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval
for Mean

Minimum

Maximum











Lower
Bound

Upper
Bound





Total

15

4.00

2.878

.743

2.41

5.59

0

10

43
SPSS Output for ANOVA
Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Stress Levels.

Levene
Statistic

df1

df2

Sig level
or p-
value

.242

2

12

.788



Stress Levels

Between Groups

70.000

2

35.000

9.130

.004

Within Groups

46.000

12

3.833







Sum of
Squares

df

Mean
Square

F

Sig.level
or p-
value

Total

116.000

14







P<.05, therefore, we reject the Null Hypothesis and continue with Multiple Comparison Table


P > .05, therefore, th assumption of Homogeneity of Variance is met.
ANOVA
44
SPSS Output for ANOVA
Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: Stress Levels
LSD

Music Therapy

Relaxation
Therapy

1.000

1.238

.435

-1.70

3.70



Control Group

-4.000(*)

1.238

.007

-6.70

-1.30

Relaxation
Therapy

Music Therapy

-1.000

1.238

.435

-3.70

1.70



Control Group

-5.000(*)

1.238

.002

-7.70

-2.30

Control Group

Music Therapy

4.000(*)

1.238

.007

1.30

6.70



Relaxation
Therapy

5.000(*)

1.238

.002

2.30

7.70

(I) Groups

(J) Groups

Mean
Difference
(I-J)

Std. Error

Sig.
Level

95% Confidence Interval











* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
45
Take home lesson
How to compare means of three or
more samples