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By: Tengku Syahdilan Senior Piping Mechanical Engineer PT KBR Engineers Indonesia
AGENDA
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Why Do We Perform Pipe Stress Analysis?. Pipe Stress Engineer Scope of Work. Theory of Pipe Stress Analysis. Pipe Supports. Applicable Codes. Pipe Stress Analysis using Caesar II 5.20. Code Compliances and Nozzle Evaluation. Designer Responsibilities Related to Stress Engineering Work.
To keep stresses in the pipe and fittings within code allowable. To keep nozzle loadings on attached equipment within allowable of manufacturers or recognized standards (API 661, API 650 etc) To calculate design loads for sizing supports and restraints. To determine piping displacements for interference checks. To solve dynamic problems in piping, i.e.: mechanical and acoustic vibration, fluid hammer, pulsation, transient flow and relief valve discharge. To optimize piping design. To prevent flange leakage joint.
Acceptable?
No
Yes
Method of Analysis:
1. Category 3 Using computer program such as: Caesar II (Coade), Autopipe (Bentley), PIPANL3 (SSD) etc. Category 4 Using approximate methods such as: the Kellogg, Grinnell or Tube Turn methods.
2.
3.
Category 5 Visual inspection with or without the aid of guided cantilever chart or similar short cut methods.
x E
Where:
= Stress (kg/cm2) = Strain E = Youngs Modulus (kg/cm2)
Allowable stress is the yield strength divided by safety factor. I.E : Carbon Steel Pipe below creep range commonly has allowable stress is 2/3* y or * u. For detail see Table A-1 in B31.3
Mt Mb
L = PDi / 4t (Longitudinal)
P = Design pressure (kg/mm2) Di = Inner diameter (mm) t = Thickness of pipe (mm)
3. 3. Thermal Effect
Thermal Expansion
= T x x L ; (mm) Carbon Steel +/- 1 mm/m for 100oC Stainless Steel +/- 1.35 mm/m for 100oC
(Pushed)
Thermal Stress = x = /L x E
= T x x E
Damage
Force
Example: 1meter length of 8 NPS CS Pipe STD at 100oC. T ambient = 20oC 1. = (100-20)x12x10-6x1000 = 0.96 mm 2. = (100-20)x12x10-6x20000 = 19.2 kg/mm2 3. F = 19.2 x x (2192-2032)/4 = 27.6 ton
4. Pipe Support
Sliding Support
Pad Shoe
Sliding Plate
Structure
Spring Hanger
Turnbuckle
Pipe Clamp
4.6. Stopper
5. Applicable Codes
ASME: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: American Petroleum Institute
Spring Support
Piping Configuration complete with dimension. Material Spec. :Size, Thickness, Material Properties, method of bracing, etc. LDT (Line Designation Table): Pressure, Temperature, Insulation Thickness, Density etc. Equipment Drawing to determine nozzle movement. Wind and earthquake loading. Standard valve and flange weight. Number of operating cycles if any. Misc. item drawing such as silencer etc.
Vertical Guide
V-1002
Trunnion (Typ. 3ea)
V-1001
Guide (Typ. 3ea)
2. 3. 4.
2. 3. 4.
5.
5.
S sus
S EXP
0.75iM A Pdo SH Z 4t
S sus
S EXP
SOCC
Where:
Where:
Fax= Axial force due to sustained, kg Mi = In-plane bending moment due to sustained, kg-mm Mo = Out-plane bending moment due to sustained, kg-mm Mi* = Range of in-plane bending moment due to expansion, kg-mm Mo* = Range of out-plane bending moment due to expansion, kg-mm SH = Allowable stress at operating temperature, kg/mm2 ii ,io = In-plane, out-plane intensification factor MT = Torsional moment due to expansion, kg-mm SA = Allowable expansion stress, kg/mm2 SC = Allowable stress at installation temperature, kg/mm2 Sl = Bending stress due to occasional loads such as wind/earthquake f = Stress range reduction factor
MA = Resultant moment due to sustained, kg-mm SH = Allowable stress at operating temperature, kg/mm2 i = Intensification factor
Mc = Resultant moment due to expansion, kg-mm SA = Allowable expansion stress, kg/mm2 MB = Resultant moment due to occasional, kg-mm k = occasional factor = 1.2 for loads occurring less than 1% of the time = 1.15 for loads occurring less than 10% of the time SC = Allowable stress at installation temperature, kg/mm2
E
a
= Modulus of Elasticity
= Thermal expansion coefficient = Poissons ratio
Note: For detail see Halliburton KBR Specification Doc. No: 308-7080-ST-54-101
3FR M R 500 De
3FR M R 500 De
Combine Loads for Inlet and Outlet
2 FC M C 250 DC
Note:
Appendix P on API Std 650 shown that the nomogram is only applicable for tanks larger than 36 m in diameter. If not we will use WRC297 to verify our piping loads are within allowable or not , but it will be better to ask Tank Department to verify our piping loads. API Std 650 is not mention how to verify the nozzle loads at roof of tank.
To prepare stress sketch/isometric drawing based on critical line list from stress engineer. To prepare piping loading information for Civil and Equipment Department and Stress Engineer shall indicate the loads. To utilize the span table for horizontal support (guide) and vertical support (resting). To select a proper pipe support based on pipe support selection criteria and stress sketch from stress engineer. To inform the clearance for spring support installation. To prepare misc. support drawing as needed and then shall be verified by Stress Engineer. Etc.
Plan View
Items to be concerned: 1. 2. Shortest suction line shall be planned to minimize pressure loss. Adjustable supports shall be installed for suction and discharge line for pump maintenance and alignment and the location as close as possible to the nozzle. Care shall be taken in thermal stress calculations because the entire piping does not always have the same temperature, depend on operation plan. To relieve reaction force and moment due to thermal stress on the piping, expansion loops and restraint supports such as anchor, stopper, guide, resting and spring support shall be used.
3.
4.
Adjustable Support
Constant Hanger Lift Off Sway Brace Items to be concerned: 1. Piping shall be designed to have sufficient flexibility but it shall be arranged as short as possible. Piping support around reactor shall be selected to eliminate the vibration and excessive forces and moments to the reactor nozzle due to thermal stress. Fixed type support shall be installed as close as possible from the nozzle. Sway brace is vibration eliminator and identical to variable hanger in their resistance against thermal expansion, so should be installed at location where the thermal displacement is as smaller as possible.
Constant Hanger
2. Sway Brace
4.
5. Vessel
6. 7.
Re-strut
2.
3.
AFC
4.
Stopper
Vibration due to slug force can be eliminated by install properly stopper and guide support.
Vessel
THE END