Essential Amino

Acids
Amino acids bond to make proteins

Essential amino acids must be supplied in the diet and cannot be

made in the body

If you have all of them in your diet then you can synthesise the
others

Essential fatty acids must be directly consumed

 ENERGY
REQUIREMENT
-Released from food during respiration

-Energy needs determined by age, gender and activity (pregnant and

lactating women need more)

-Whilst sleeping the rate of respiration is a minimum

-
Dietary deficiencies
1) Starvation
2) Anorexia nervosa
3) Kwashiorkor
4) Marasmus
5) Vitamin A deficiency

Keywords: oedema, protein

energy deficiency, wasting,
stunting, xerophthalmia,
night-blindness, rhodopsin,
rickets, osteomalacia
Marasmus
• wasting
Vitamin A deficiency
• Xerophthalmia
• rod cells
• rhodopsin
• retinoic acid
• Epithelia
Kwashiorkor

• Oedema
• Red hair
Anorexia
• Extreme loss of
weight
• Loss of muscles
• Menstrual cycle
stops
Bulimia
• Extreme loss of
weight
• Loss of muscles
• Menstrual cycle
stops
• Atherosclerosis
• Accumulation of fatty
materials in artery walls
reduces flow of blood
to the tissues and can
cause blood clots to
form and block the
artery.
• If blood cannot get into
the capillaries,
surrounding tissue dies.
This causes build-up of
atheroma (cholesterol,
dead cells and platelets)
and is called
• Fatty deposits can start
appearing in damaged arteries.
• Cholesterol is a lipid that is
essential in some processes.
• It is transported in the plasma in
tiny balls of lipid and protein
called lipoproteins.
• Low density lipoproteins
transport cholesterol to the
tissues from the liver and
deposit it at areas of damage
(including the arteries).
• High density lipoproteins do the
opposite and remove cholesterol
for excretion (they are
therefore useful in preventing
atherosclerosis).
• Atheroma rich in cholesterol
forms plaques in the arteries.
• This reduces blood flow, and can
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Two coronary arteries
branch from the aorta and
supply the entire heart.
• CHD is disease of these
arteries that causes heart
damage, or malfunction.
• Atherosclerosis in the
coronary arteries restricts
blood flow, making the
heart work harder.
• This can increase blood
pressure and can make it
much harder to supply the
heart muscles with extra
oxygen and nutrients during
• There are 3 forms of CHD:
2. Angina Pectoris– severe
chest pain after exertion.
Pain goes away at rest. It is
caused by shortage of blood
to the heart tissue.
3. Heart Attack– blocked
coronary arteries causes
death of part of the heart
muscle. It causes sudden
and severe chest pain – it
can be fatal.
4. Heart Failure– a main
coronary artery is blocked
causing gradual damage to
the heart muscle. The heart
weakens and doesn’t work
• Global Distribution of CHD
• Highest in N. Europe, lowest in
Japan and France.
• The major cause of death in
developed countries.
• It was unknown before the 20th
century and is associated with
affluence – BUT – it may just
be because people live longer
now. Before they died of
something else first!
• The deaths from CHD increase
in a country as the standard of
living goes up.
• In the UK, it is more prevalent
in: Scotland, N. Ireland and
N. England, poorer people,