University of Palestine Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Advanced Design of Reicnsorcef Concrete Structures

Instructor:
Eng: Khaled Nassar

Second Semester 2011- 2012

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Lecture 10
WIND LOADS
Calculation of Wind loads using UBC 1997

Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Introduction:

BASIC WIND SPEED

The design wind speed in the UBC 97 is based on the fastest-mile wind speed, whereas the design wind speed in the IBC 2009 is based on the 3-second gust wind speed. The fastest-mile wind speed associated with an annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point 33 feet (10 000 mm) above the ground for an area having exposure category C. The probability of experiencing a wind speed faster than the value indicted in the map, in any given year is 1 in 50, or 2%.
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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Wind speed conversion:

The 3-second gust basic wind speed,V3S can be converted to fastest-mile wind speed,Vfm, using:

V3S : 3 second gust basic wind speed.

Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Distribution of Pressures and Suctions There are three distinct pressure areas develop around a building.
Positive-pressure zone on the upstream face (Region 1). Negative pressure zones at the upstream corners (Regions 2). Negative pressure zone on the downstream face (Region 3).

Advance Design of Concrete Structure

UBC procedures for wind load calculations: Method 1 (normal force method): Its provisions are not applicable to buildings taller than 122 m. The normal force method is applicable to all structures, and must be applied to all gabled frames. It assumes that wind pressures act perpendicular to the surface of roof, windward and leeward walls simultaneously. For pressures on roofs and leeward walls, Ce shall be evaluated at the mean roof height. Method 2 (projected area method): Its provisions are not applicable to buildings taller than 61 m. The projected area method is easier to use than method 1 in that it assumes that wind pressures act on the projected horizontal and vertical areas of the structure instead of on individual surfaces of roof and walls.
Any building, including those not covered by the UBC, may be designed using wind-tunnel test results.
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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Distribution of Pressures and Suctions:

Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Determination of wind pressure

Design procedure

1- Basic wind speed V. 2- Exposure category. 3- Importance factor, Iw. 4- Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient, Ce. 5- The pressure coefficient, Cq. 6-Wind stagnation pressure, qs. 7- Design wind pressure, P.
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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

1- Basic wind speed V:

Advance Design of Concrete Structure

2- Exposure category:
Exposure B: has terrain with buildings, forest, or surface irregularities, covering at least 20% of the ground level area extending 1 mile (1.61 km) or more from the site. Exposure C: has terrain that is flat and generally open, extending one-half mile (0.81 km) or more from the site in any full quadrant.

Exposure D: represents the most severe exposure in areas of basic wind speeds of 80 mph (129 km/h) or greater, and has terrain that is flat and unobstructed facing large bodies of water over one mile (1.61 km) or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland from shoreline one-fourth mile (0.4 km) or 10 times the building height, whichever is greater.
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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

3- Importance factor, Iw:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

3- Importance factor, Iw:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

4- Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient, Ce:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

5- The pressure coefficient, Cq

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

6-Wind stagnation pressure, qs:

q s 0.0025 V
2

Where V in mph & qs in psf

Where V in m/s & qs in N/m2

q s 0.613 V

7- Design wind pressure, P:

Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements therein shall be determined for any height in accordance with the following formula:

P C eC q q s I w

(N / m 2 )

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Determination of wind pressure: Load combinations

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Example
Determine the wind forces in walls W1 and W2 acting in their principal strong direction. The walls are part of a residential building to be built in Gaza City. The thickness of all shear walls = 30 cm.

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

1- Basic wind speed V V = 35 m/s 2- Exposure category: Exposure category B (may also conservatively consider category D) 3- Importance factor, Iw: Category 4 Then, Iw= 1.00

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

4- Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient, Ce:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

5- The pressure coefficient, Cq:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

6-Wind stagnation pressure, qs:

q s 0.613 V 2 0.613 (352 ) 751 (N / m 2 )

7-Design wind pressure, p:

P C eC q q s I w
Leeward Side:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Windward Side:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Given Data Eleven-story essential facilities building, Iw = 1.25 Building height 36.2 m consisting of 2 bottom floors at 4.6 m & 9 typical floors at 3 m Exposure category = C Basic wind speed V = 44.7 m/s Building width = 20 m , and the plan of the building consist of 2 shear walls Required Design win1d pressures on primary wind-resisting system.

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

The wind pressure qs give by

q s 0.613 V

q s 0.613(44.7) 2 1224.8N / m 2
The design pressure is given by

P C eC q q s I w
Iw = 1.25 Given

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

4- Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient, Ce:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

5- The pressure coefficient, Cq:

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Wind stagnation pressure, qs:

q s 0.613 V

q s 0.613(44.7) 2 1224.8 N / m 2
Design wind pressure, p

P C eC q q s I w
Leeward Side:

P 1.67x 0.5x 1224.8x 1.25 1278.38 (N / m 2 )

Force in each wall= pressure x height of building x tributary width

20 F 1.278x 36.2x 462.7 kN / m 2 2

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

Windward Side:

P C e x 0.8x 1224.8x 1.25 1224.8 C e

Force in each wall= pressure x height of building x tributary width
F 1.224C e x height of level x
. . . . . . . . .

20 (kN / m 2 ) 2

Continuo by your self

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure

THANK YOU .

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Advance Design of Concrete Structure