Supernumerary Teat Removal

Usually performed when brucellosis vaccinated Removed flush with skin and parallel to normal folds of udder using curved scissors Suturing skin is not usually necessary in young calves Dont remove any of four normal teats

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Ovariectomy

Surgical removal of an ovary Indications

Ovarian cysts, abscesses, or neoplasms Preventing pregnancy (spaying heifers) Improve fattening in feedlot cows

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Ovariectomy

Surgery

Flank approach Unilateral ovariectomy or if ovary is enlarged Colpotomy Bilateral ovariectomy if ovary is normal size Requires caudal epidural Specialized instruments: Kimberly Rupp or Willis Rod

Postoperative patients monitored for signs of hemorrhage

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Cesarean Section

Incision through the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a calf Indications

Dystocia Malposition or presentation Excessively large calf Uterine torsion

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Cesarean Section

Surgical approaches

Flank approaches (right or left) Paramedian (right or left) Ventral midline Left flank approach on standing patient Most common approach Rumen obstructs other viscera from incision site Skin incision will be longer than for exploratory Calf delivered feet first Oxytocin administration To aid uterine involution Minimize hemorrhage Encourage passage of placenta

Post-surgical consideration

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Vaginal Prolapse

Occurs during late pregnancy Begins as intermittent prolapse protruding when lying down Eventually becomes permanent

Buhner suture technique Repair technique Standing animal Caudal epidural Vagina replacement Buhner suture pattern used to partially close the vulva

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Uterine Prolapse

Occurs at parturition or shortly thereafter An emergency situation

Shock Fatal hemorrhage Hypocalcemia Possible intestinal and bladder prolapse

Uterine mucosa protrudes through vulvar lips

Uterus has invaginated

Used as with vaginal prolapse

Buhner suture technique

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Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fibropapilloma of the Penis

Caused by bovine papilloma virus Can become large enough to prevent extension or retraction of penis May result in hesitancy or refusal to breed Surgical removal

Performed in conjunction with vaccination therapy Commercial or autogenous vaccine Removed in standing animal using local anesthesia and restraint

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Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer Eye)

Most common tumor of cattle Predisposing factors

Genetic predisposition Exposure to ultraviolet radiation Lack of protective pigmentation around eye Occur predominantly in Herefords, Simmentals, and
Holsteins

Seldom seen in animals <4 years of age and peak age is 8 years

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10

Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer Eye)

Begin as benign plaques or papillomas progress quickly to squamous cell carcinoma Treatment

Cryotherapy Radiofrequency hyperthermia Immunotherapy Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Surgery (keratectomy, lid resection, or extirpation)

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11

Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Extirpation

Removal of all ocular tissue in the bony orbit Performed with retrobulbar or Peterson eye block 15 ml of lidocaine is injected in three alliquots Aspiration is essential to avoid fatal deposition of
lidocaine in CSF

Eye is surgically prepped Lids are sutured or clamped together All ocular tissue is removed Incision closed with appositional or everting interrupted sutures
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Dehorning

Dairy calves

Within the first month or when horn buds are palpable Electrothermal dehorning

Beef calves

Performed when weaned

Usually dehorned with Barnes dehorner or scoop (Fig. 31-26) Hemostasis, crucial and done by pulling or twisting cornual artery

Procedure:

Calves >6 months may expose frontal sinuses and at greater risk for sinusitis Mature cattle requires analgesia via cornual nerve block

Block is injecting 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral canthus and base of horn

Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wire Surgical or cosmetic dehorning, performed on show cattle

Requires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or infection

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Dehorning

Dairy calves

Performed within the first month or when horn buds are palpable Electrothermal dehorning

Beef calves

Performed when weaned Barnes dehorner or scoop Hemostasis is crucial Done by pulling or twisting the cornual artery

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14

Dehorning

Calves >6 months

May expose frontal sinuses, resulting in greater risk for sinusitis Require analgesia via cornual nerve block
10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral
canthus and base of horn

Mature cattle

Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wire

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15

Dehorning

Surgical or cosmetic dehorning

Performed on show cattle Requires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or infection

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16

Castration

Small calves restrained on ground Larger calves restrained in chute with tail pushed tightly up over back Open castration

Bottom one third to one half of scrotum is excised, exposing testicles Young calves Testicles pulled until cords break Older calves Cord sharply transected Emasculator
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Castration

Closed castration

Emasculotome Crushes cord within scrotum without cutting scrotal skin Bloodless castration or pinching

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Umbilical Hernias

Most are associated with infection in one or more umbilical remnants Treatment

Treat infection Surgical resection for severely infected Omphalectomy or umbilical herniorrhaphy Feed not withheld 6-8 hours pre-surgery Clip large area and prep for surgery

Presurgical considerations

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Umbilical Hernias

Surgical incision may be extended cranially to xiphoid process or caudally to pelvis Infected tissue removed intact Large defects may require mesh herniorrhaphy Postoperative considerations

Calf maintained in stall for 1 month Excessive exercise leads to edema, seroma formation, or dehiscence

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20

Male Small Ruminants

Urolithiasis

High risk for developing due to feeding of excessive grain diet Similar to cattle except: Obstructed goats tend to vocalize due to pain Palpation and/or ultrasound of urinary bladders is
possible Calculi resembles sand and block most of distal portion of urethra

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21

Male Small Ruminants

Urolithiasis surgical therapy

Lumbosacral epidural can be performed If obstructed, penis can be amputated close to its attachment to glans Immediate patency after amputation Reobstruction is common Amputation rarely results in long-term cure Urethral catheterization with saline flushing may be attempted to relieve obstruction

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Urolithiasis treatment

Urethrostomy May be used as salvage procedure Frequently results in stricture formation in urethra Cystotomy and/or tube cystostomy Procedures of choice for obstructive urolithiasis Preserves breeding capability and prolongs life Procedure

Calculi removed from bladder Normograde and retrograde urethral flushing Foley catheter placed in bladder Catheter removed when animal can consistently urinate a normal stream
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Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Entropion

Inward rolling of eyelid Most common ocular disease of neonatal lambs Treatment options

Ophthalmic antibiotics Manually rolling lower lid outward Injection of penicillin or tetracycline in linear fashion parallel to lower lid Clamping skin of lower lid below and parallel to lid margin with mosquito forceps for 30 seconds Placement of two or three vertical mattress sutures in lower lid to roll out lid margin

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Lumbosacral Epidural

Useful for alleviating pain during procedures performed caudal to umbilicus

Will lose motor control to hind legs and should be confined to a small, well-bedded area to prevent injury Performed at lumbosacral junction 20-gauge, 3.8-cm needle Analgesia will take several minutes if injected into epidural space and almost immediately if injected into subarachnoid space Dose of lidocaine is 5-8 ml/45 kg body weight

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Disbudding/Dehorning Kids

Optimal time

3-5 days in buck kids 5-7 days in doe kids Procedure is less invasive because horn buds not yet attached to underlying bone Less chance of regrowth if dehorned properly at these ages

Many owners perform procedure with restraint only

May be sedated with xylazine and butorphanol Ring block with1% lidocaine around base of horn
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Cesarean Sections

Indicated in cases of dystocia Left flank laparotomy used to approach uterus Sedation and inverted L block performed Alternatively, ventral midline or ventral paramedian approach can be used

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Rectal Prolapse

Short tail docking can be a predisposing factor

Short tail docks performed strictly for cosmetic reasons in show lambs May result in loss of innervation to rectum and anal sphincter Purse-string suture after replacement (salvage procedure) Injection of irritating solutions at 3-4 points perirectally Rectal amputation
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Methods for repair include: